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Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes: the Catholic bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the president of the French Republic.
Aberavon is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the world.
Liberal International (LI) is the political international federation for liberal political parties. It was founded in Oxford in 1947, and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties and for the strengthening of liberalism around the world. Its headquarters are at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. The Oxford Manifesto describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International.
The Liberal Party of Andorra is a conservative-liberal political party in Andorra. It is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
Jaume Bartumeu Cassany, GCIH is an Andorran lawyer and politician, who served as head of government from 2009 to 2011. He was a founding member of the Social Democratic Party (PS) in June 2000, in which he held the position of first secretary between 2000 and 2004. He was the leader of the opposition at the General Council between 2005 and 2009.
Dundee West is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post voting system.
Blaenau Gwent is a constituency in South Wales created in 1983 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.
Brecon and Radnorshire is a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Created in 1918, it elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election; until 1997 its' name was Brecon and Radnor.
Cardiff South and Penarth is a constituency created in 1983 represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. It is the largest such entity in Wales, with an electorate of 75,175 and one of the most ethnically diverse.
Brighton Kemptown, informally known usually as Brighton Kemptown and Peacehaven, is a constituency created in 1950 in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament covering the eastern portion of the city of Brighton and Hove including Kemptown and part of the Lewes District.
Chingford and Woodford Green is a constituency in North East London represented by Sir Iain Duncan Smith of the Conservative Party since its creation in 1997.
Hove is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Labour's Peter Kyle.
Albert Pintat Santolària is an Andorran citizen and was the former head of government of Andorra from 27 February 2005 to 5 June 2009.
The Greens of Andorra is a green political party in Andorra.
The General Council is the unicameral parliament of Andorra. It is sometimes referred to as the General Council of the Valleys because it was the historical name and to distinguish it from similarly named bodies in the Val d'Aran and in France.
There are a number of microstates in Europe. While there is no clear consensus on which political units qualify as "microstates", most scholars view Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City as examples of such states. At the same time, some academics dispute even qualifying Vatican as a true state arguing that it does not meet the "traditional criteria of statehood" and that the "special status of the Vatican City is probably best regarded as a means of ensuring that the Pope can freely exercise his spiritual functions, and in this respect is loosely analogous to that of the headquarters of international organisations." According to the qualitative definition of microstates suggested by Dumienski (2014), microstates can also be viewed as "modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." And indeed, all of the European microstates are sovereign states that function in a close association with their respective larger neighbour. Currently, all of the European microstates have some form of relations with the European Union.
The Andorra National Library was §founded in 1930, then re-opened in 1974. It is housed in Casa Bauró, an old manor house in the Andorran capital, Andorra la Vella. Amongst other functions, it is the legal deposit and copyright library for Andorra.
Antoni Martí Petit is an Andorran architect and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Andorra from May 2011 to 16 May 2019, when he was elected on the ticket of the Democrats for Andorra. He was re-elected in the 2015 parliamentary election.
Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 7 April 2019, electing all 28 seats of the General Council. Although they remained the largest party, the Democrats for Andorra lost their parliamentary majority after losing four seats. The Social Democratic Party gained four seats, becoming the second-largest party.
References
- ↑ "Consellers generals del 1997-2001". General Council of Andorra. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ↑ "Consellers generals 2001-2005". General Council of Andorra. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
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