Frankists (Croatia)

Last updated
Josip Frank.jpg

Frankists (Croatian : Frankovci) [1] were followers of a political ideology that bases positions and lines around the thought of Josip Frank, a Croatian nationalist leader at the end of the 19th century who broke away from the Party of Rights to create his own movement. [2]

In the early 1890s, a faction of the Party of Rights was led by Josip Frank. [3] In 1895, they split and founded the Pure Party of Rights, who became known by the term "Frankovci". [4] Frank's program proposed, among other things, a firm cooperation with the Court of Vienna, in order to defend Croatian national interests within the framework of the Habsburg Monarchy, in opposition to the Hungarian ones. [5] The Frankists identified the Serbs as enemies of the Croatian nation, [6] promoting an ideological campaign among the Croats against the Kingdom of Serbia and the Yugoslavists, denouncing any cooperation and feeling of unity between the Croatian and Serb parties at that time. [7] [8] Fundamentally, the Frankists deny that Serbs, as a people, can exist outside of Serbia. The Frankists clashed heavily with the Croat-Serb Coalition, which in the period between 1906 and 1918 was the majority force in the Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia. [9] The Frankists' influence grew following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and outbreak of World War I as they spoke out against Serbia in the parliament and began to organize anti-Serb protests in Croatian towns and cities. [7]

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the renewed Party of Rights protested against the unification as illegitimate and insisted on the independence of the Croatian state. [5] In contrast to the old Party of Rights which was a member of the Coalition and played an important role in the creation of the Kingdom, these new rightists began to adopt the Frankist ideology and thought. That party ceased to function after the establishment of the 6 January Dictatorship and its activity was not subsequently renewed.

Ante Pavelić, a leading Frankist would go on to form the ultranationalist Ustaše movement in 1929 and the Ustaše would claim the Frankist heritage. [3]

Over time, the term "Frankists" came to be used synonymously to refer to all radical Croatian nationalists, including members and supporters of the Ustaše movement.[ citation needed ] These parties identified as Frankists coincided in the search for an independent Croatia and in hostility towards the Serbs, in contrast to the moderate nationalists who mostly accept the concepts of the Croatian Peasant Party, willing to compromise and reach peaceful agreements, both with Serbs on the territory of Croatia as with the Serb state.

See also

Related Research Articles

The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian, fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement. Since the inception and before the Second World War, its members engaged in a series of terrorist activities against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, including collaborating with IMRO to assassinate King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1934. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by Axis forces in April 1941, the Ustaše were handed power by the occupying forces and formed the Independent state of Croatia, an Axis puppet state, and immediately went on to perpetrate the Holocaust and genocide against its Jewish, Serb and Roma populations. During the World War II in Yugoslavia, together with German and Italian occupying forces, Ustaše are responsible for killing of hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma, as well as Bosniak Muslim and Croat political dissidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ante Pavelić</span> Croatian fascist politician and dictator

Ante Pavelić was a Croatian politician who founded and headed the fascist ultranationalist organization known as the Ustaše in 1929 and served as dictator of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a fascist puppet state built out of parts of occupied Yugoslavia by the authorities of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, from 1941 to 1945. Pavelić and the Ustaše persecuted many racial minorities and political opponents in the NDH during the war, including Serbs, Jews, Romani, and anti-fascists, becoming one of the key figures of the genocide of Serbs, the Porajmos and the Holocaust in the NDH.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatian Peasant Party</span> Political party in Croatia

The Croatian Peasant Party is an agrarian political party in Croatia founded on 22 December 1904 by Antun and Stjepan Radić as Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (HPSS). The Brothers Radić believed that the realization of Croatian statehood was possible within Austria-Hungary, but that it had to be reformed as a Monarchy divided into three equal parts – Austria, Hungary, Croatia. After the creation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918, Party requested for the Croatian part of the Kingdom to be based on self-determination. This brought them great public support which culminated in 1920 parliamentary election when HPSS won all 58 seats assigned to Croatia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stjepan Radić</span> Croatian politician (1871–1928)

Stjepan Radić was a Croat politician and founder of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (HPSS), active in Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Croatia</span> Croatian nationalist ideology

Greater Croatia is a term applied to certain currents within Croatian nationalism. In one sense, it refers to the territorial scope of the Croatian people, emphasising the ethnicity of those Croats living outside Croatia. In the political sense, though, the term refers to an irredentist belief in the equivalence between the territorial scope of the Croatian people and that of the Croatian state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croatian nationalism</span> Political ideology

Croatian nationalism is nationalism that asserts the nationality of Croats and promotes the cultural unity of Croats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavko Kvaternik</span> Croatian soldier and politician (1878–1947)

Slavko Kvaternik was a Croatian Ustaše military general and politician who was one of the founders of the Ustaše movement. Kvaternik was military commander and Minister of Domobranstvo. On 10 April 1941, he declared the creation of the Independent State of Croatia and became Pavelic's right-hand man, the Doglavnik.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ante Starčević</span> Croatian politician and writer (1823–1896)

Ante Starčević was a Croatian politician and writer. His policies centered around Croatian state law, the integrity of Croatian lands, and the right of his people to self-determination. As an important member of the Croatian parliament and the founder of the Party of Rights he has laid the foundations for Croatian nationalism. He has been referred to as Father of the Nation due to his campaign for the rights of Croats within Austria-Hungary and his propagation of a Croatian state in a time where many politicians sought unification with other South Slavs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stjepan Sarkotić</span> Austro-Hungarian Army generaloberst of Croatian descent

Stjepan Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovćen was an Austro-Hungarian Army generaloberst of Croatian descent who served as Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina and military commander of Dalmatia and Montenegro during the First World War.

The Croatian Committee was a Croatian revolutionary organization, formed in the Summer of 1919, by émigré groups in Austria and Hungary, in opposition to the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) and devoted to Croatia's secession from the kingdom. The Croatian Committee and its armed branch the Croatian Legion were dissolved in 1920, some of its members later joined the fascist Ustasha organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Josip Frank</span> Croatian lawyer and politician

Josip Frank was a Croatian lawyer and politician, a noted representative of the Party of Rights in the Croatian Parliament, and a vocal advocate of Croatian national independence in Austria-Hungary.

The Croat-Serb Coalition was a major political alliance in Austria-Hungary during early 20th century that governed the Croatian lands, the crownlands of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. It represented the political idea of a cooperation of Croats and Serbs in Austria-Hungary for mutual benefit. Its main leaders were, at first Frano Supilo and Svetozar Pribićević, then Pribićević alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yugoslavism</span> South Slavic unification ideology

Yugoslavism, Yugoslavdom, or Yugoslav nationalism is an ideology supporting the notion that the South Slavs, namely the Bosniaks, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes, but also Bulgarians, belong to a single Yugoslav nation separated by diverging historical circumstances, forms of speech, and religious divides. During the interwar period, Yugoslavism became predominant in, and then the official ideology of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. There were two major forms of Yugoslavism in the period: the regime favoured integral Yugoslavism promoting unitarism, centralisation, and unification of the country's ethnic groups into a single Yugoslav nation, by coercion if necessary. The approach was also applied to languages spoken in the Kingdom. The main alternative was federalist Yugoslavism which advocated the autonomy of the historical lands in the form of a federation and gradual unification without outside pressure. Both agreed on the concept of National Oneness developed as an expression of the strategic alliance of South Slavs in Austria-Hungary in the early 20th century. The concept was meant as a notion that the South Slavs belong to a single "race", were of "one blood", and had shared language. It was considered neutral regarding the choice of centralism or federalism.

The Party of Rights was a Croatian nationalist political party in Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and later in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">May Declaration</span> Proposal for administrative reform of Austria-Hungary

The May Declaration was a manifesto of political demands for unification of South Slav-inhabited territories within Austria-Hungary put forward to the Imperial Council in Vienna on 30 May 1917. It was authored by Anton Korošec, the leader of the Slovene People's Party. The document was signed by Korošec and thirty-two other council delegates representing South-Slavic lands within the Cisleithanian part of the dual monarchy – the Slovene Lands, the Dalmatia, Istria, and the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The delegates who signed the declaration were known as the Yugoslav Club.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trialism in Austria-Hungary</span> Austria Hungary

In the history of Austria-Hungary, trialism was the political movement that aimed to reorganize the bipartite Empire into a tripartite one, creating a Croatian state equal in status to Austria and Hungary. Franz Ferdinand promoted trialism before his assassination in 1914 to prevent the Empire from being ripped apart by Slavic dissent. The Empire would be restructured three ways instead of two, with the Slavic element given representation at the highest levels equivalent to what Austria and Hungary had at the time. Serbians saw this as a threat to their dream of a new state of Yugoslavia. Hungarian leaders had a predominant voice in imperial circles and strongly rejected Trialism because it would liberate many of their minorities from Hungarian rule they considered oppressive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1918 protest in Zagreb</span> Event in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

On 5 December 1918, the National Guards and Sokol volunteers suppressed a protest and engaged in an armed clash against the soldiers of the 25th Regiment of the Royal Croatian Home Guard and the 53rd Regiment of the former Austro-Hungarian Common Army on 5 December 1918, four days after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. National Guardsmen stopped the soldiers at the Ban Jelačić Square in Zagreb.

Fran Folnegović was a Croatian politician. He was a member of the Sabor of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia elected on the Party of Rights ticket several times. Folnegović became one of the principal members of the party. His conflict with Josip Frank led to fragmentation of the party. Folnegović advocated cooperation or merger with the Independent People's Party and strengthening of Croatia's position within Austria-Hungary.

Nikola Stojanović was a lawyer and Bosnian Serb and Yugoslavian politician. As a student, he wrote the article Serbs and Croats, printed in the Serbian Literary Herald, applying Social Darwinism and claiming that Serbs as 'superior people' would eventually assimilate the Croats. In the text, Stojanović announced war to extermination of either Serbs or Croats and the text has been cited as the blueprint for ethnic cleansing by Croatian writers. Following a politically-motivated reprint of the article in Srbobran, the newspaper of the Serb Independent Party in Zagreb, it led to 1902 riots targeting Serb businesses and homes in the city, involving a crowd of about 20,000.

References

  1. ↑ "frȁnkovac m 〈G -ōvca, N mn -ōvci〉". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Znanje d.o.o. and Srce . Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  2. ↑ Matković, Stjepan (2001). Čista stranka prava 1895.-1903[Pure Party of Rights 1895-1903.] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian Institute of History. p. 11. ISBN   953-6491-57-5.
  3. 1 2 Tanner, Marcus (2001). Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. Yale University Press. p. 106. ISBN   9780300091250.
  4. ↑ Kallis, Aristotle (2008). Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN   9781134300341.
  5. 1 2 Banac, Ivo (2015). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. pp. 94–95, 261–262. ISBN   9781501701948.
  6. ↑ Biondich, Mark (2000). Stjepan Radic, the Croat Peasant Party, and the Politics of Mass Mobilization, 1904-1928. University of Toronto Press. p. 133. ISBN   9780802082947.
  7. 1 2 Newman, John Paul (2015). Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN   9781107070769.
  8. ↑ Bartulin, Nevenko (2012). "From Independence to Trialism: The Croatian Party of Right and the Project for a Liberal "Greater Croatia" within the Habsburg Empire, 1861–1914". In Fitzpatrick, M. (ed.). Liberal Imperialism in Europe. Springer. pp. 120–130. ISBN   9781137019974.
  9. ↑ Jelavich, Charles (1992). Južnoslavenski nacionalizmi: jugoslavensko ujedinjenje i udžbenici prije 1914[South Slavic nationalisms: Yugoslav unification and textbooks before 1914] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Globus. p. 39. OCLC   29173137.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.