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References
- ↑ Hebel, Jennifer (September 27, 2019). "African American Legislators in Illinois, 1876-2019" (PDF). Commission on Government Forecasting and Accountability. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Fred J Smith Obituary (October 22, 1988)". Chicago Tribune. 22 October 1988. p. 6. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ↑ Williams, Erma Brooks (2008). Political Empowerment of Illinois' African-American State Lawmakers from 1877 to 2005. University Press of America. p. 18-19. ISBN 978-0-7618-4018-3 . Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ↑ Senate, Illinois General Assembly (1989). "Journal of the Senate". General Assembly. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- 1 2 "African American Legislators in Illinois 1876-2005" (PDF). Illinois General Assembly Legislative Research Unit. February 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
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