Related Research Articles
Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme observed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic mitochondria. The aforementioned reaction also yields ammonia, which in eukaryotes is canonically processed as a substrate in the urea cycle. Typically, the α-ketoglutarate to glutamate reaction does not occur in mammals, as glutamate dehydrogenase equilibrium favours the production of ammonia and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate dehydrogenase also has a very low affinity for ammonia, and therefore toxic levels of ammonia would have to be present in the body for the reverse reaction to proceed. However, in brain, the NAD+/NADH ratio in brain mitochondria encourages oxidative deamination. In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and aminotransferases. In plants, the enzyme can work in either direction depending on environment and stress. Transgenic plants expressing microbial GLDHs are improved in tolerance to herbicide, water deficit, and pathogen infections. They are more nutritionally valuable.
GLUD1 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, one of the family of glutamate dehydrogenases that are ubiquitous in life, with a key role in nitrogen and glutamate (Glu) metabolism and energy homeostasis. This dehydrogenase is expressed at high levels in liver, brain, pancreas and kidney, but not in muscle. In the pancreatic cells, GLUD1 is thought to be involved in insulin secretion mechanisms. In nervous tissue, where glutamate is present in concentrations higher than in the other tissues, GLUD1 appears to function in both the synthesis and the catabolism of glutamate and perhaps in ammonia detoxification.
N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the GALNS gene.
Sepiapterin reductase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SPR gene.
HSD3B2 is a human gene that encodes for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta(5)-delta(4)isomerase type II or hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 2. It is expressed principally in steroidogenic tissues and is essential for steroid hormone production. A notable exception is the placenta, where HSD3B1 is critical for progesterone production by this tissue.
ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCC8 gene. ABCC8 orthologs have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.
Serine—pyruvate aminotransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGXT gene.
Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DBT gene.
Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DLST gene.
Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP290 gene. CEP290 is located on the Q arm of chromosome 12.
Seipin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSCL2 gene.
Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GOT1 gene.
GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H6PD gene.
Phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKB gene.
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH4A1 gene.
Retinol dehydrogenase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RDH12 gene.
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA8 gene. The NDUFA8 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.
Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial, also known as GDH 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GLUD2 gene. This dehydrogenase is one of the family of glutamate dehydrogenases that are ubiquitous in life.
In molecular biology, the ELFV dehydrogenase family of enzymes include glutamate, leucine, phenylalanine and valine dehydrogenases. These enzymes are structurally and functionally related. They contain a Gly-rich region containing a conserved Lys residue, which has been implicated in the catalytic activity, in each case a reversible oxidative deamination reaction.
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HI/HA) is an autosomal dominant disorder that results in the excess production of insulin and ammonia in mammals. HI/HA is caused by increased Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH) activity due to the presence of overactivating point mutations in GDH. These point mutations either directly or indirectly prevent guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding and inhibition of GDH, which causes GDH to uncontrollably remain active.
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: GLUDP5 glutamate dehydrogenase pseudogene 5".
