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Gabrielle Gauchat (1767-1805), was a French memoir writer. Her memoirs describe her life as a nun during the dissolution of the convents in France during the French revolution between 1792 and 1795. Her memoir is one of the few written by nuns from the revolution: of 55 memoirs from the French revolution, only four were from nuns. [1]
She was from Saint-Domingue. At the age of only ten, she was placed as a nun in the convent of the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, the St-Gengoux de Saône-et-Loire in Langres, upon the wish of her uncle, who was a priest in the cathedral of Langres.
In July 1791, the clergy was banished from Langres after having refused to make the constitutional oath, and in September 1792, the convent was closed and the nuns evicted. Similarly to other nuns who did not have a family to return to or wanted to marry or work, she lived as a guest in the private homes of devout Catholics while maintaining her vows as an individual. Though she refused to make the constitutional oath, she was not arrested during the Reign of Terror, although she was obliged to report regularly to the authorities and denied the state pension the government offered to fornmer nuns for a long time before it was finally granted. In her diary, Gauchat describes herself as the victim of oppression. From June 1795, it was again allowed to practice Catholicism openly, and Gauchat therefore discontinued her diary. In 1802, the convents were again allowed to open in France.
Gabrielle Gauchat wrote a diary from September 1792 and June 1795, which has been published.
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac was a French politician, freemason, journalist, and one of the most prominent members of the National Convention, representing the Plain during the French Revolution. The Plain was dominated by the radical Montagnards and Barère as one of their leaders supported the foundation of the Committee of Public Safety in April and of a sans-culottes army in September 1793. According to Francois Buzot, Barère was responsible for the Reign of Terror, like Robespierre and Louis de Saint-Just. In Spring 1794 and after the Festival of the Supreme Being, he became an opponent of Maximilien Robespierre and joined the coup, leading to his downfall.
The Girondins, or Girondists, were a political group during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnards, they initially were part of the Jacobin movement. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy, but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution, which caused a conflict with the more radical Montagnards. They dominated the movement until their fall in the insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, which resulted in the domination of the Montagnards and the purge and eventual mass execution of the Girondins. This event is considered to mark the beginning of the Reign of Terror.
Marie-Jeanne "Manon" Roland de la Platière, born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, and best known under the name Madame Roland, was a French revolutionary, salonnière and writer.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of most of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. As such, a schism was created, resulting in a French Catholic Church loyal to the Papacy, and a "constitutional church" subject to the French state. The schism was not fully resolved until 1801. King Louis XVI ultimately yielded to the measure after originally opposing it.
The September Massacres were a series of killings of prisoners in Paris that occurred in 1792, from Sunday, 2 September until Thursday, 6 September, during the French Revolution. Between 1,176 and 1,614 people were killed by fédérés, guardsmen, and sans-culottes, with the support of gendarmes responsible for guarding the tribunals and prisons, the Cordeliers, the Committee of Surveillance of the Commune, and the revolutionary sections of Paris.
Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ de Tourzel was a French noblewoman and courtier, as the Marquise of Tourzel. She was the Governess of the Children of France from 1789 until 1792. Decades after the French Revolution, Louise-Élisabeth published her memoirs, which presented a unique perspective on the royal family during the French Revolution. She later acquired the title of duchess.
Gabrielle Suchon was a French moral philosopher who participated in debates about the social, political and religious condition of women in the early modern era. Her most prominent works are the Traité de la morale et de la politique and Du célibat volontaire.
La Religieuse is an 18th-century French novel by Denis Diderot. Completed in about 1780, it was first published by Friedrich Melchior Grimm in 1792 in his Correspondance littéraire in Saxony, and subsequently in 1796 in France.
Mary More (1732–1807) was born to Thomas More and Catherine Gifford, in Barnborough, Yorkshire. She is the last lineal descendant of Sir Thomas More. Mother More is known for being the seventh Prioress at the Priory of Nazareth and leading her community through crises during the reign of Joseph II and the French Revolution.
The Martyrs of Compiègne were the 16 members of the Carmel of Compiègne, France: 11 Discalced Carmelite nuns, three lay sisters, and two externs. They were executed by the guillotine towards the end of the Reign of Terror, at what is now the Place de la Nation in Paris on 17 July 1794, and are venerated as beatified martyrs of the Catholic Church. Ten days after their execution, Maximilien Robespierre himself was executed, ending the Reign of Terror.[b] Their story has inspired a novella, a motion picture, a television movie, and an opera, Dialogues of the Carmelites, written by French composer Francis Poulenc.
Pauline de Tourzel was a French noblewoman, courtier and memoirist. She was the daughter of Louise-Élisabeth de Tourzel.
Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe was a member of the Savoy-Carignano cadet branch of the House of Savoy. She was married at the age of 17 to Louis Alexandre de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Prince de Lamballe, the heir to the greatest fortune in France. After her marriage, which lasted a year, she went to the French royal court and became the confidante of Queen Marie Antoinette. She was killed in the massacres of September 1792 during the French Revolution.
Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women shared in the French Revolution and what impact it had on French women. Women had no political rights in pre-Revolutionary France; they were considered "passive" citizens, forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them. That changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great advances in feminism. Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a broad demand for social and political reform. These women demanded equality to men and then moved on to a demand for the end of male domination. Their chief vehicle for agitation were pamphlets and women's clubs, especially the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. However, the Jacobin element in power abolished all the women's clubs in October 1793 and arrested their leaders. The movement was crushed. Devance explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in wartime, Marie Antoinette's bad reputation for feminine interference in state affairs, and traditional male supremacy. A decade later the Napoleonic Code confirmed and perpetuated women's second-class status.
Marguerite Rutan was a French Roman Catholic religious person who was a professed member of the Vincentian Sisters. Rutan served as the mother superior of a hospital the sisters managed until the time of the French Revolution when she was executed based on the allegations of fanaticism and anti-Revolution sentiment.
Louise Emmanuelle de Châtillon, known as Princesse de Tarente (1763-1814) was a French noble, memoirist and court official. She served as lady-in-waiting to queen Marie Antoinette of France from 1782 to 1792. Her memoirs about her life during the French revolution has been published.
Renée Suzanne de Soucy née de Mackau (1758-1841), was a French court office holder. She was royal governess to the children of Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette from 1781 and 1792.
Camille de Soyécourt (1757–1849) or Thérèse Camille de l'Enfant-Jésus was a French Discalced Carmelite nun who restored the order in France after the French Revolution.
Margaret Haydock was a Roman Catholic nun and teacher, whose life exemplified the plight of English Catholic nuns in exile on the Continent during the French Revolution.
Maria Carlotta of Parma was a Princess of Parma and Infanta of Spain, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and his wife, Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. She joined the Dominican Order under the name of Sister Giacinta Domenica.
Anne-Marie-Madeleine-Françoise Thouret, known as Charlotte of the Resurrection is the oldest of the martyrs of Compiègne, who were executed by guillotine in Paris during the reign of terror.
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