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Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promises of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment can be physical and/or a demand or request for sexual favors, making sexually colored remarks, showing pornography, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, or religious institutions. Harassers or victims can be of any gender.
In scholarly literature and criminology, gang rape, also called serial gang rape, party rape, group rape, or multiple perpetrator rape, is the rape of a single victim by two or more violators. Gang rapes are forged on shared identity, religion, ethnic group, or race. There are multiple motives for serial gang rapes, such as for sexual entitlement, asserting sexual prowess, war, punishment, and, in up to 30% of cases, for targeting racial minorities, religious minorities, or ethnic groups.
Street harassment is a form of harassment, primarily sexual harassment that consists of unwanted sexualised comments, provocative gestures, honking, wolf whistles, indecent exposures, stalking, persistent sexual advances, and touching by strangers, in public areas such as streets, shopping malls and public transportation. Besides actions or comments that contain a sexual connotation, it often includes homophobic and transphobic slurs, and hateful comments referencing race, religion, class, ethnicity and disability. The practice is rooted in power and control and is often a reflection of societal discrimination, and has been argued to sometimes result from a lack of opportunities for expression of interest or affection.
Violence against women (VAW), also known as gender-based violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), is violent acts primarily committed by men or boys against women or girls. Such violence is often considered a form of hate crime, committed against persons specifically because they are of the female gender, and can take many forms.
A virginity test is the pseudoscientific practice and process of determining whether a woman or girl is a virgin; i.e., to determine that she has never engaged in, or been subjected to, vaginal intercourse. The test typically involves a check for the presence of an intact hymen, typically on the flawed assumption that it can only be, and will always be torn as a result of vaginal intercourse. Virginity testing is most common in Asia and the Middle East, as well as Northern and Southern Africa and in Europe.
The role of women in Egypt has changed over time, from ancient to the modern era. Early archaeological records show that Egyptian women were considered equal to men regardless of marital status.
Feminism in Egypt has involved a number of social and political groups throughout its history. Although Egypt has in many respects been a forerunner in matters of reform particularly "in developing movements of nationalism, of resistance to imperialism and of feminism," its development in fighting for equality for women and their rights has not been easy.
Rapein Egypt is a criminal offense with penalties ranging from lifetime sentence to capital punishment. In Egypt, marital rape is legal. By 2008, the U.N. quoted Egypt's Interior Ministry's figure that 20,000 rapes take place every year, although according to the activist Engy Ghozlan (ECWR), rapes are 10 times higher than the stats given by Interior Ministry, making it 200,000 per year. Mona Eltahawy has also noted the same figure (200,000), and added that this was before the revolution.
HARASSmap is a mobile and online technology non-profit that uses interactive mapping to try to reduce the social acceptability of sexual harassment throughout Egypt.
Amal Clooney is a British international human rights lawyer. She has represented several high-profile clients, including former Maldivian president Mohamed Nasheed, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, former Ukrainian prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko, Yazidi human rights activist Nadia Murad, Filipino-American journalist Maria Ressa, Azerbaijani journalist Khadija Ismayilova, and Egyptian-Canadian journalist Mohamed Fahmy. She has also held various appointments with both the United Nations and the Government of the United Kingdom. She is an adjunct law professor at Columbia Law School. In 2016, she and her husband, American actor George Clooney, co-founded the Clooney Foundation for Justice.
The mass sexual assault of women in public has been documented in Egypt since 2005, when Egyptian security forces and their agents were accused of using it as a weapon against female protesters during a political demonstration in Tahrir Square, Cairo on 25 May. The behavior spread, and by 2012 sexual assault by crowds of young men was seen at protests and festivals in Egypt.
Engy Ayman Ghozlan is a social activist and journalist who highlights problems of sexual harassment of women in the streets of Egypt. Starting in 2005, she was a project manager at the NGO known as the Egyptian Center for Women's Rights (ECWR) and actively pursued efforts to make Egypt safe for women. She is known as the "voice and face" of efforts to eradicate sexual harassment of women in Egypt.
In October 2017, The New York Times and The New Yorker reported that dozens of women had accused the American film producer Harvey Weinstein of rape, sexual assault and sexual abuse over a period of at least 30 years. Over 80 women in the film industry eventually accused Weinstein of such acts. Weinstein himself denied "any non-consensual sex". Shortly after, he was dismissed from The Weinstein Company (TWC), expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and other professional associations, and retired from public view.
#MeToo is a social movement and awareness campaign against sexual abuse, sexual harassment and rape culture, in which women publicize their experiences of sexual abuse or sexual harassment. The phrase "Me Too" was initially used in this context on social media in 2006, on Myspace, by sexual assault survivor and activist Tarana Burke. The hashtag #MeToo was used starting in 2017 as a way to draw attention to the magnitude of the problem. "Me Too" is meant to empower those who have been sexually assaulted through empathy, solidarity and strength in numbers, by visibly demonstrating how many have experienced sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace.
Sexual harassment in the military is unwanted sexual behaviour experienced as threatening, offensive, or otherwise upsetting, which occurs in a military setting.
Nadeen Ashraf is an Egyptian feminist activist. Her use of social media instigated the #MeToo movement within Egypt. She is part of the BBC's 100 Women of 2020 list.
Sabah Khodir is an Egyptian-American poet and activist.
The MeToo movement, an effort to publicize and criticize sexual abuse and harassment, was founded in 2006 by Tarana Burke, and spread virally on social media following the exposure of numerous sexual-abuse allegations against film producer Harvey Weinstein in October 2017. Since then, the #MeToo hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries.
Sexual misconduct in the British military is unwanted sexual behaviour occurring in military organisations of the United Kingdom, including verbal and physical harassment, assault, and rape.
References
- 1 2 "BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Gehad Hamdy". Vital Voices. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "Founder of Egypt's Speak Up: 'Sexual harassment is a daily fight, but change is happening'". Global Voices. 3 July 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "Por que assédio de médico brasileiro preso no Egito revoltou árabes". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ admin (9 March 2023). "Gehad Hamdy: Supporting Egyptian Women from Sexual Harassment". Tycoon Success. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "Can social media help in the fight against sexual harassment in Egypt?". Open Democracy.
- ↑ "The hashtag "Mary's body is hers" tops social media and revives the discussion about women's rights in Egyptian law". EuroNews.
- ↑ "'My husband was an angel – then he raped me'". BBC News. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "From a post to an initiative... Get to know those demanding both women's and men's rights". elbalad.news. 19 January 2021.
- ↑ "Victor Sorrentino oferecia consultas em Portugal sem ter diploma validado no país". Revista Marie Claire (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 August 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ ""Uma luta diária e constante", diz ativista egípcia após prisão de brasileiro". Revista Marie Claire (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 August 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ Berger, Miriam (30 December 2021). "The car ad tried to extol its HD camera. Instead, it promoted sexual harassment in Egypt, critics say". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ Fustany. ""Speak Up" Founder Gehad Hamdy's Journey: Overcoming Obstacles to Support Victims of Violence". api.fustany.com. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "Mobilização para denunciar médico no Egito envolveu brasileiros e ativistas feministas egípcias". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ ElGendy, Abdelrahman (26 December 2022). "Women's Rights Groups in Egypt and Lebanon Take Aim at Saad Lamjarred". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ says, Egyptian Sheikh Sentenced to Life Imprisonment for Raping a 10-Year-Old Girl | Egyptian Streets (10 November 2021). "Michael Fahmy Sentenced to Life Imprisonment for Sexually Assaulting Underage Coptic Girls | Egyptian Streets" . Retrieved 16 May 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Egyptian Doctor Michael Fahmy receives life imprisonment for sexually assaulting 6 girls". El-Shai. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ "The disturbing case of Michael Fahmy, a sexual predator who spent 20 years preying on Coptic Orthodox girls". www.italianinsider.it. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ Shabana, Yasmin (7 December 2023). "Tens of thousands of Palestinians in Gaza are staying connected to the world via donated eSIMs". Quartz. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ↑ Vo, Lam Thuy (7 November 2023). "'Let Me Tell Them Goodbye Before They Get Killed': How eSIM Cards Are Connecting Palestinian Families – The Markup". themarkup.org. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ↑ Kershner, Isabel; Nereim, Vivian; Shankar, Vivek; Rogers, Katie (29 October 2023). "Gazans had no cell service. An effort led from Egypt helped reconnect them". The New York Times.