Related Research Articles
Chlamydia, or more specifically a chlamydia infection, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Most people who are infected have no symptoms. When symptoms do appear they may occur only several weeks after infection; the incubation period between exposure and being able to infect others is thought to be on the order of two to six weeks. Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination. Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and swelling of one or both testicles. The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.
Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra. The most common symptoms include painful or difficult urination and urethral discharge. It is a commonly treatable condition usually caused by infection with bacteria. This bacterial infection is often sexually transmitted, but not in every instance; it can be idiopathic, for example. Some incidence of urethritis can appear asymptomatic as well.
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning. Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur. Itching is more common in cases due to allergies. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural), is a species of Gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879. It causes the sexually transmitted genitourinary infection gonorrhea as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, septic arthritis, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. About 70% of affected people do not have symptoms when infected. When symptoms occur, they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. Symptoms can include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain with sex. Having trichomoniasis increases the risk of getting HIV/AIDS. It may also cause complications during pregnancy.
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. Of the 11 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae.
Lymphogranuloma venereum is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the invasive serovars L1, L2, L2a, L2b, or L3 of Chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly known as chlamydia, is a bacterium that causes chlamydia, which can manifest in various ways, including: trachoma, lymphogranuloma venereum, nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease. C. trachomatis is the most common infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium.
The Chlamydiota are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiota were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiota had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins.
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) involving liver capsule inflammation leading to the creation of adhesions. The condition is named after the two physicians, Thomas Fitz-Hugh, Jr and Arthur Hale Curtis who first reported this condition in 1934 and 1930 respectively.
A vertically transmitted infection is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the mother to an embryo, fetus, or baby during pregnancy or childbirth. It can occur when the mother has a pre-existing disease or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional deficiencies may exacerbate the risks of perinatal infections.
Neonatal conjunctivitis is a form of conjunctivitis which affects newborn babies following birth. It is typically due to neonatal bacterial infection, although can also be non-infectious. Infectious neonatal conjunctivitis is typically contracted during vaginal delivery from exposure to bacteria from the birth canal, most commonly Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.
A subclinical infection—sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection—is an infection by a pathogen that causes few or no signs or symptoms of infection in the host. Subclinical infections can occur in both humans and animals. Depending on the pathogen, which can be a virus or intestinal parasite, the host may be infectious and able to transmit the pathogen without ever developing symptoms; such a host is called an asymptomatic carrier. Many pathogens, including HIV, typhoid fever, and coronaviruses such as COVID-19 spread in their host populations through subclinical infection.
Thayer–Martin agar is a Mueller–Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating pathogenic Neisseria bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as the medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms. When growing Neisseria meningitidis, one usually starts with a normally sterile body fluid, so a plain chocolate agar is used. Thayer–Martin agar was initially developed in 1964, with an improved formulation published in 1966.
Gonorrhea, colloquially known as the clap, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infection may involve the genitals, mouth, or rectum. Infected men may experience pain or burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Infected women may experience burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain. Complications in women include pelvic inflammatory disease and in men include inflammation of the epididymis. Many of those infected, however, have no symptoms. If untreated, gonorrhea can spread to joints or heart valves.
Perihepatitis is inflammation of the serous or peritoneal coating of the liver.
Credé procedure is the practice of washing a newborn's eyes with a 2% silver nitrate solution to protect against neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Gonococcemia is a rare complication of mucosal Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, or Gonorrhea, that occurs when the bacteria invade the bloodstream. It is characterized by fever, tender hemorrhagic pustules on the extremities or the trunk, migratory polyarthritis, and tenosynovitis. It also rarely leads to endocarditis and meningitis. This condition occurs in 0.5-3% of individuals with gonorrhea, and it usually presents 2–3 weeks after acquiring the infection. Risk factors include female sex, sexual promiscuity, and infection with resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This condition is treated with cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Patient-delivered (partner) therapy, is the practice of treating the sex partners of people diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea by providing prescriptions or medications to the person to take to their partner without the health care provider first examining the partner.EPT may also include other forms of implementation than PDPT.
References
- ↑ "Freedom of Information Act 2000 – Request for Information Reference: 7257" (PDF). No. Our Ref: AC/JM/FOI 7257. NHS Foundation Trust. Liverpool University Hospitals. 7 January 2021.
- ↑ Durant, Thomas J. S.; Merwede, Jacob; Reynolds, Jesse; Peaper, David R. (2019). "Optimization of Turnaround Time for Group a Streptococcus PCR". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 57 (9). doi:10.1128/JCM.00619-19. PMC 6711925 . PMID 31217271.
- ↑ Fernández-Huerta, Miguel; Salmerón, Paula; Silgado, Aroa; Espasa, Mateu; Pumarola, Tomàs; Tulsiani-Drud, Suhella; Barberá, María-Jesús; Hoyos-Mallecot, Yannick; Serra-Pladevall, Judit (2020). "Clinical evaluation of the Resistance Plus MG Fle Xible test on the Gene Xpert Infinity-48s instrument: A near-patient assay for simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and macrolide resistance". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 97 (4): 115062. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115062. PMID 32451118. S2CID 218798883.
- ↑ Cassani, B.; Soldano, G.; Finocchiaro, D.; Conti, S.; Bulfamante, A.; Lemorini, G.; Bulfamante, G. (2018). "Detection and genotyping of HPV-DNA through different types of diagnostic platforms in liquid-based cervical-cytology samples". Pathologica. 110 (4): 294–301. PMID 30799441.
- ↑ Chernesky, Max A.; Jang, Dan; Gilchrist, Jodi; Smieja, Marek; Arias, Manuel; Hatchette, Todd; Poirier, Andre; Mayne, Donna; Ratnam, Sam (2017). "Comparison of cobas 4800, m2000, Viper XTR, and Infinity 80 Automated Instruments when Processing Urine Specimens for the Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 44 (3): 161–165. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000570. PMID 28182591. S2CID 3636656.
- ↑ Jang, Dan; Ratnam, Sam; Gilchrist, Jodi; Arias, Manuel; Smieja, Marek; Mayne, Donna; Chernesky, Max A. (2016). "Comparison of Workflow, Maintenance, and Consumables in the Gene Xpert Infinity 80 and Panther Instruments While Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 43 (6): 377–381. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000444. PMID 27196259. S2CID 3656785.
 | This article about the COVID-19 pandemic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |