Geoffrey Ingham | |
---|---|
Born | 1942[1] |
Occupation | Sociologist |
Known for | The Nature of Money |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of Leicester, University of Cambridge [1] |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Cambridge,University of Sussex,University of Leicester [1] |
Geoffrey Ingham is a British sociologist,political economist,and author of books on capitalism and money. [1]
Ingham was born in 1942,and read sociology at the University of Leicester,graduating in 1964. He attended Cambridge University as a postgraduate student,where he was awarded a Ph.D degree in 1968. After teaching at Sussex and Leicester Universities,he became a Fellow of Christ's College,Cambridge in 1972. [2] He was Reader in Sociology and Political Economy at Cambridge,and remains Emeritus Reader and a Fellow of Christ's [1] .
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation,competitive markets,price system,private property,property rights recognition,voluntary exchange,and wage labor. In a capitalist market economy,decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth,property,or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of two or more academic disciplines into one activity. It draws knowledge from several other fields like sociology,anthropology,psychology,economics etc. It is about creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to an interdiscipline or an interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought,as new needs and professions emerge. Large engineering teams are usually interdisciplinary,as a power station or mobile phone or other project requires the melding of several specialties. However,the term "interdisciplinary" is sometimes confined to academic settings.
Joseph Alois Schumpeter was an Austrian-born political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of German-Austria in 1919. In 1932,he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University,where he remained until the end of his career,and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.
Economic history is the academic study of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods,statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics,including equality,finance,technology,labour,and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself,analyzing it as a dynamic force and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment,production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand,where all suppliers and consumers are unimpeded by price controls or restrictions on contract freedom. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allocation of capital and the factors of production.
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural,social,and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecology,geography,sociology,psychology,anthropology,zoology,epidemiology,public health,and home economics,among others.
The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase to describe either government deregulation of the business environment or reduction in corporate tax rates,in order to attract or retain usually foreign economic activity in their jurisdictions. While this phenomenon can happen between countries as a result of globalization and free trade,it also can occur within individual countries between their sub-jurisdictions. It may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production. The effect and intent of these actions is to lower labor rates,cost of business,or other factors over which governments can exert control.
Institutions,according to Samuel P. Huntington,are "stable,valued,recurring patterns of behavior." Institutions can refer to mechanisms which govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community,and are identified with a social purpose,transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behavior. According to Geoffrey M. Hodgson,it is misleading to say that an institution is a form of behavior. Instead,Hodgson states that institutions are "integrated systems of rules that structure social interactions."
Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena. The field can be broadly divided into a classical period and a contemporary one,known as "new economic sociology".
Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. Its original focus lay in Thorstein Veblen's instinct-oriented dichotomy between technology on the one side and the "ceremonial" sphere of society on the other. Its name and core elements trace back to a 1919 American Economic Review article by Walton H. Hamilton. Institutional economics emphasizes a broader study of institutions and views markets as a result of the complex interaction of these various institutions. The earlier tradition continues today as a leading heterodox approach to economics.
Geoffrey Martin Hodgson is a Professor in Management at the London campus of Loughborough University,and also the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Institutional Economics.
Michael Burawoy is a sociologist working within Marxist social theory,best known as the leading proponent of public sociology and the author of Manufacturing Consent:Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism—a study on the sociology of industry that has been translated into a number of languages.
The economics of religion concerns both the application of the techniques of economics to the study of religion and the relationship between economic and religious behaviours. Contemporary writers on the subject trace it back to Adam Smith (1776).
The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1980s.
Rajani Kannepalli Kanth is a professor,economist,philosopher,and social thinker. Though born in India,he is a US citizen and has resided overseas for most of his life. His major research interests lie in the fields of Economics,Social Theory and Policy,and Women's Issues. His works have received positive endorsements from iconic intellectuals such as Ravi Batra,Roy Bhaskar,Noam Chomsky,Geoff Harcourt,Robert Heilbroner,John M. Hobson,Jonathan Joseph,Tony Lawson,Ali Mazrui,John McMurtry,Roger Owen,Warren Samuels,Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,Paul Sweezy,and Immanuel Wallerstein. He has,across plus-three decades,taught in the areas of Anthropology,Sociology,Political Science,History,Economics,and Philosophy. He currently serves as the Trustee of the World Peace Congress that he founded in Salt Lake City,Utah,in 2007. He has also served as an advisor to the United Nations in New York,aside from being on the faculty of major universities around the world.
Stefano Zamagni is an Italian economist. Born in Rimini,Zamagni is Professor of Economics at the University of Bologna. Zamagni is also a fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association and President of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.
Tony Lawson is a British philosopher and economist. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Cambridge. He is a co-editor of the Cambridge Journal of Economics,a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies,and co-founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. Lawson is noted for his contributions to heterodox economics and to philosophical issues in social theorising,most especially to social ontology.
Health politics or politics of health is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the analysis of social and political power over the health status of individuals.
A chronographer was a graphical representation of historical information devised by American educator Emma Willard in the mid-19th century. The chronographers intended to show historical information in a geographic and chronological context. The first graphic was Picture of Nations,published in 1835,which showed civilizations as streams running through time,becoming wider and narrower as they gained or lost influence. She developed another chronographer,the Chronographer of American History, in 1844,showing the history of the United States as events marked on the branches of a tree.
The sociology of death explores and examines the relationships between society and death.