Geoffrey Ingham | |
---|---|
Born | 1942[1] |
Occupation | Sociologist |
Known for | The Nature of Money |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of Leicester, University of Cambridge [1] |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Cambridge,University of Sussex,University of Leicester [1] |
Geoffrey Ingham is a British sociologist,political economist,and author of books on capitalism and money. [1]
Ingham was born in 1942,and read sociology at the University of Leicester,graduating in 1964. He attended Cambridge University as a postgraduate student,where he was awarded a Ph.D degree in 1968. After teaching at Sussex and Leicester Universities,he became a lecturer in the Faculty of Economics,Cambridge in 1971 and Fellow of Christ's College,Cambridge in 1972. [2] He was Reader in Sociology and Political Economy at Cambridge,and remains Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's [1] .
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. The defining characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation,competitive markets,price systems,private property,recognition of property rights,self-interest,economic freedom,meritocracy,work ethic,consumer sovereignty,economic efficiency,limited role of government,profit motive,a financial infrastructure of money and investment that makes possible credit and debt,entrepreneurship,commodification,voluntary exchange,wage labor,production of commodities and services,and a strong emphasis on innovation and economic growth. In a market economy,decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth,property,or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.
Joseph Alois Schumpeter was an Austrian political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932,he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University,where he remained until the end of his career,and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber was a German sociologist,historian,jurist,and political economist who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the social sciences more generally. His ideas continue to influence social theory and research.
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural,social,and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecology,geography,sociology,psychology,anthropology,zoology,epidemiology,public health,and home economics,among others.
Race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase to describe either government deregulation of the business environment or reduction in corporate tax rates,in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions. While this phenomenon can happen between countries as a result of globalization and free trade,it also can occur within individual countries between their sub-jurisdictions. It may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production. The effect and intent of these actions is to lower labor rates,cost of business,or other factors over which governments can exert control.
An institution is a humanly devised structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain social behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws,rules,social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions. Institutions vary in their level of formality and informality.
Neo institutionalism is an approach to the study of institutions that focuses on the constraining and enabling effects of formal and informal rules on the behavior of individuals and groups. New institutionalism traditionally encompasses three major strands:sociological institutionalism,rational choice institutionalism,and historical institutionalism. New institutionalism originated in work by sociologist John Meyer published in 1977.
Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena. The field can be broadly divided into a classical period and a contemporary one,known as "new economic sociology".
Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. Its original focus lay in Thorstein Veblen's instinct-oriented dichotomy between technology on the one side and the "ceremonial" sphere of society on the other. Its name and core elements trace back to a 1919 American Economic Review article by Walton H. Hamilton. Institutional economics emphasizes a broader study of institutions and views markets as a result of the complex interaction of these various institutions. The earlier tradition continues today as a leading heterodox approach to economics.
Modernization theory holds that as societies become more economically modernized,wealthier and more educated,their political institutions become increasingly liberal democratic. The "classical" theories of modernization of the 1950s and 1960s,most influentially articulated by Seymour Lipset,drew on sociological analyses of Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim,Max Weber,and Talcott Parsons. Modernization theory was a dominant paradigm in the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s,and saw a resurgence after 1991,when Francis Fukuyama wrote about the end of the Cold War as confirmation on modernization theory.
Geoffrey Martin Hodgson is Emeritus Professor in Management at the London campus of Loughborough University,and also the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Institutional Economics.
Michael Burawoy is a British sociologist working within Marxist social theory,best known as the leading proponent of public sociology and the author of Manufacturing Consent:Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism—a study on the sociology of industry that has been translated into a number of languages.
The economics of religion concerns both the application of the techniques of economics to the study of religion and the relationship between economic and religious behaviours. Contemporary writers on the subject trace it back to Adam Smith (1776).
Stefano Zamagni is an Italian economist. Born in Rimini,Zamagni is Professor of Economics at the University of Bologna. Zamagni is also a fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association and President of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.
Neo-Marxism is a collection of Marxist schools of thought originating from 20th-century approaches to amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory,typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory,psychoanalysis,or existentialism. Neo-Marxism comes under the broader framework of the New Left. In a sociological sense,neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality,such as status and power,to Marxist philosophy.
Jens Beckert is a German sociologist with a strong interest in economic sociology. The author of books on inherited wealth and the social foundations of economic efficiency and imagined futures in the economy,he focuses on the role of the economy in society –especially based on studies of markets –as well as organizational sociology,the sociology of inheritance,and sociological theory. He is director at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG) in Cologne,Germany,and a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Tony Lawson is a British philosopher and economist. He is professor of economics and philosophy in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Cambridge. He is a co-editor of the Cambridge Journal of Economics,a former director of the University of Cambridge Centre for Gender Studies,and co-founder of the Cambridge Realist Workshop and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group. Lawson is noted for his contributions to heterodox economics and to philosophical issues in social theorising,most especially to social ontology.
The sociology of death explores and examines the relationships between society and death.
Hans-Joachim Lauth is a German political scientist. He has been the incumbent of the Chair of Comparative Politics and Systems Theory at the Institute of Political Science and Sociology (IPS) at the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg. Lauth is founder and responsible editor of the bilingual journal "Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft / German Journal of Comparative Politics".
Ève Chiapello is Professor at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS),Paris,where she holds a chair in the 'sociology of the transformation of capitalism'. She has published numerous articles and books,including Artists Versus Managers (1998) and The New Spirit of Capitalism,translated into nine languages including English (2005).