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Monism attributes oneness or singleness to a concept, such as to existence. Various kinds of monism can be distinguished:
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are caused by physical processes, such as the neurochemistry of the human brain and nervous system, without which they cannot exist. Materialism directly contrasts with monistic idealism, according to which consciousness is the fundamental substance of nature.
Substance theory, or substance–attribute theory, is an ontological theory positing that objects are constituted each by a substance and properties borne by the substance but distinct from it. In this role, a substance can be referred to as a substratum or a thing-in-itself. Substances are particulars that are ontologically independent: they are able to exist all by themselves. Another defining feature often attributed to substances is their ability to undergo changes. Changes involve something existing before, during and after the change. They can be described in terms of a persisting substance gaining or losing properties. Attributes or properties, on the other hand, are entities that can be exemplified by substances. Properties characterize their bearers; they express what their bearer is like.
In philosophy, the self is an individual's own being, knowledge, and values, and the relationship between these attributes.
Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.
In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either that mental phenomena are non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.
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The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals is Charles Darwin's third major work of evolutionary theory, following On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Initially intended as a chapter in Descent of Man, Expression grew in length and was published separately in 1872. Darwin explores the biological aspects of emotional behaviour and the animal origins of human characteristics like smiling and frowning, shrugging shoulders, lifting eyebrows in surprise, and baring teeth in an angry sneer.
The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world.
Penelope Mackie (1953–2022) was a British philosopher who specialised in metaphysics and philosophical logic, and was best known for her work on essence and modality. Mackie spent the majority of her career in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham (2004–22), having also held appointments at the University of Birmingham, Virginia Commonwealth University, and New College, Oxford.
John Raymond Smythies was a British neuropsychiatrist, neuroscientist and neurophilosopher.
Self-realization is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology, and spirituality; and in Indian religions. In the Western understanding, it is the "fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of one's character or personality". In Jainism, self realization is called Samyak darshan in which a person attains extrasensory and thoughtless blissful experience of the soul. In the Hindu understanding, self-realization is liberating knowledge of the true self, either as the permanent undying Purusha or witness-consciousness, which is atman (essence), or as the absence (sunyata) of such a permanent self.
Personal identity is the unique numerical identity of a person over time. Discussions regarding personal identity typically aim to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the same person, persisting through time.
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Dutch philosophy is a broad branch of philosophy that discusses the contributions of Dutch philosophers to the discourse of Western philosophy and Renaissance philosophy. The philosophy, as its own entity, arose in the 16th and 17th centuries through the philosophical studies of Desiderius Erasmus and Baruch Spinoza. The adoption of the humanistic perspective by Erasmus, despite his Christian background, and rational but theocentric perspective expounded by Spinoza, supported each of these philosopher's works. In general, the philosophy revolved around acknowledging the reality of human self-determination and rational thought rather than focusing on traditional ideals of fatalism and virtue raised in Christianity. The roots of philosophical frameworks like the mind-body dualism and monism debate can also be traced to Dutch philosophy, which is attributed to 17th century philosopher René Descartes. Descartes was both a mathematician and philosopher during the Dutch Golden Age, despite being from the Kingdom of France. Modern Dutch philosophers like D.H. Th. Vollenhoven provided critical analyses on the dichotomy between dualism and monism.
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References
- ↑ Cockburn, David. (1991). Human Beings. Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0521422451
- ↑ Morea, Peter. (1990). Personality: An Introduction to the Theories of Psychology. Penguin Books. p. 178. ISBN 978-0140125191
- 1 2 Lesser, A. H. (2014). "Mind and Materialism, by Geoffrey Madell". Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology. 21 (1): 92–93. doi:10.1080/00071773.1990.11006883.
- ↑ Griffin, David Ray. (2000). Religion and Scientific Naturalism: Overcoming the Conflicts. State University of New York Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0791445631
- ↑ Kennedy, Ralph (1985). "Reviewed Works: The Concept of Identity by Eli Hirsch; The Identity of the Self by Geoffrey Madell". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 45 (3): 467–473. JSTOR 2107281.
- ↑ Gergen, Kenneth J. (1990). "Review Of "The Case For Dualism" Edited By J. R. Smythies And J. Beloff". Choice. 27 (9). doi:10.5860/CHOICE.27-5064 (inactive 1 February 2025).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025 (link) - ↑ Koopman, Constantijn (2003). "Review: Philosophy, Music and Emotion". Mind. 112 (448): 759–762. doi:10.1093/mind/112.448.759.
- ↑ Giberman, Daniel (2015). "The Essence of the Self: In Defense of the Simple View of Personal Identity". University of Notre Dame. Archived from the original on July 30, 2024.
