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Gerald Frederick Schoenewolf (born September 23, 1941) is an American psychoanalyst best known for his staunch promotion of neoclassical psychoanalytic theory. He is the author of 13 books on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.
Schoenewolf was born to Harold Frederick Schoenewolf and Minna Henrietta Joseph in Fredericksburg, Texas on September 23, 1941. He was the third of four sons. [1] After graduating from high school in Kerrville, Texas in 1960, he attended North Texas State University for a year and then moved to New York City. He worked at various jobs from typing to graphic art to copywriting while he pursued acting and playwriting careers. He completed his BA degree at Goddard College in Vermont (1975), an MA in philosophy from California State University, Dominguez Hills (1978) and a Ph.D. from The Union Institute & University in Cincinnati (1981). [1] He received a Certificate in Psychoanalysis from the Washington Square Institute in New York (1981) and began practice as a psychotherapist in 1979. [1] He has been an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Borough of Manhattan Community College since 2002.
His first book, 101 Common Therapeutic Blunders: Countertransference and Counterresistance in Psychotherapy (1987), [2] was written with his mentor Richard C. Robertiello, MD, and was an instant psychotherapy bestseller. Subsequently he became known as a neoclassical psychoanalyst and defender of Freudian theories and was largely shunned by the psychoanalytic community when Sigmund Freud’s theories came under attack by feminists and others. [3] During his time serving as an advisor for the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) he came under criticism from the Southern Poverty Law Center [3] (SPLC) for authoring an article [4] for NARTH in which he suggested that African slaves sold to the United States by African slave traders may have been better off in America. [5] In two of his books, The Art of Hating (1991) [6] and Psychoanalytic Centrism: Collected Papers of a Neoclassical Psychoanalyst (2012), he developed his theory of gender narcissism, in which he speculated that many males and females suffer from a kind of narcissism rooted in unconscious feelings of inferiority about their gender that causes them to sometimes become overly proud and obsessive about it. In the latter work, he also introduced the theory of the Death Trauma, which occurs in childhood when an individual first becomes aware of mortality. This awareness can then affect personality formation. [7]
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the unconscious mind, and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, who retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought. Freud's work stems partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions, mostly by students of Freud, such as Alfred Adler and his collaborator, Carl Gustav Jung, as well as by neo-Freudian thinkers, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.
Sándor Ferenczi was a Hungarian psychoanalyst, a key theorist of the psychoanalytic school and a close associate of Sigmund Freud.
Otto Friedmann Kernberg is a psychoanalyst and professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He is most widely known for his psychoanalytic theories on borderline personality organization and narcissistic pathology. In addition, his work has been central in integrating postwar ego psychology with Kleinian and other object relations perspectives. His integrative writings were central to the development of modern object relations, a theory of mind that is perhaps the theory most widely accepted among modern psychoanalysts.
Countertransference is defined as redirection of a psychotherapist's feelings toward a client – or, more generally, as a therapist's emotional entanglement with a client.
Transference is a phenomenon within psychotherapy in which the feelings a person had about their parents, as one example, are unconsciously redirected or transferred to the present situation. It usually concerns feelings from a primary relationship during childhood. At times, this transference can be considered inappropriate. Transference was first described by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, who considered it an important part of psychoanalytic treatment.
Interpersonal psychoanalysis is based on the theories of American psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949). Sullivan believed that the details of a patient's interpersonal interactions with others can provide insight into the causes and cures of mental disorder.
Charles W. Socarides was an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, physician, educator and author. He was born in Brockton, Massachusetts.
Hyman Spotnitz was an American psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who pioneered an approach to working psychoanalytically with patients with schizophrenia in the 1950s called modern psychoanalysis. He also was one of the pioneers of group therapy.
Harold Frederic Searles was one of the pioneers of psychiatric medicine specializing in psychoanalytic treatments of schizophrenia. Harold Searles has the reputation of being a therapeutic virtuoso with difficult and borderline patients; and of being, in the words of Horacio Etchegoyen, president of the IPA, "not only a great analyst but also a sagacious observer and a creative and careful theoretician".
Sheldon Bach was an American psychologist and psychoanalyst based in New York City.
The therapeutic relationship refers to the relationship between a healthcare professional and a client or patient. It is the means by which a therapist and a client hope to engage with each other and effect beneficial change in the client.
Modern psychoanalysis is the term used by Hyman Spotnitz to describe the techniques he developed for the treatment of narcissistic disorders.
Louis Breger was an American psychologist, psychotherapist and scholar. He was Emeritus Professor of Psychoanalytic Studies at the California Institute of Technology
Neville Symington was a member of the Middle Group of British Psychoanalysts which argues that the primary motivation of the child is object-seeking rather than drive gratification. He published a number of books on psychoanalytic topics, and was President of the Australian Psychoanalytical Society from 1999 to 2002.
Otto Allen Will Jr. was a U.S. psychiatrist whose work in psychoanalysis focused on treatment of patients with schizophrenia using intensive psychotherapy. He is also credited for his advancement of attachment theory and milieu therapy.
Child psychoanalysis is a sub-field of psychoanalysis which was founded by Anna Freud. Freud used the work of her father Sigmund Freud with certain modifications directed towards the needs of children. Since its inception, child psychoanalysis has grown into a well-known therapeutic technique for children and adolescents.
Joseph J. Sandler was a British psychoanalyst within the Anna Freud Grouping – now the Contemporary Freudians – of the British Psychoanalytical Society; and is perhaps best known for what has been called his 'silent revolution' in re-aligning the concepts of the object relations school within the framework of ego psychology.
Robert Joseph Langs was a psychiatrist, psychotherapist and psychoanalyst, the author, co-author, and editor of more than forty books on psychotherapy and human psychology. Over the course of more than fifty years, Langs developed a revised version of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, currently known as the “adaptive paradigm”. This is a distinctive model of the mind, and particularly of the mind’s unconscious component, significantly different from other forms of psychoanalytic and psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Paula Heimann was a German psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, who established the phenomenon of countertransference as an important tool of psychoanalytic treatment.
Clinical pluralism is a term used by some psychotherapists to denote an approach to clinical treatment that would seek to remain respectful towards divergences in meaning-making. It can signify both an undertaking to negotiate theoretical difference between clinicians, and an undertaking to negotiate differences of belief occurring within the therapeutic relationship itself. While the notion of clinical pluralism is associated with the practice of psychotherapy, similar issues have been raised within the field of medical ethics.
