Fredericksburg, Texas

Last updated

Fredericksburg, Texas
City
ChrisLitherlandFredericksburg.jpg
East end of downtown Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg-Logo.png
Seal
Nicknames: 
Fritztown, The Burg
TXMap-doton-Fredericksburg.PNG
Location of Fredericksburg, Texas
Gillespie County Fredericksburg.svg
Coordinates: 30°15′50″N98°52′29″W / 30.26389°N 98.87472°W / 30.26389; -98.87472
CountryUnited States
State Texas
County Gillespie
Named for Prince Frederick of Prussia
Area
[1]
 • Total9.25 sq mi (23.95 km2)
 • Land9.19 sq mi (23.81 km2)
 • Water0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2)
Elevation
[2]
1,723 ft (525 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total10,875
 • Density1,200/sq mi (450/km2)
Time zone UTC−06:00 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (CDT)
ZIP Code
78624
Area code 830
FIPS code 48-27348 [3]
GNIS feature ID2410542 [2]
Website www.fbgtx.org

Fredericksburg (German : Friedrichsburg) is a city in and the seat of Gillespie County, Texas, United States. [4] As of the 2020 Census, this city had a population of 10,875. [5]

Contents

Fredericksburg was founded in 1846 and named after Prince Frederick of Prussia. Old-time German residents often referred to Fredericksburg as Fritztown, a nickname that is still used in some businesses. [6] It is located 70 miles northwest of San Antonio, and approximately 80 miles west of Austin. This city is also notable as the home of Texas German, a dialect spoken by the first generations of German settlers who initially refused to learn English. Fredericksburg shares many cultural characteristics with New Braunfels, which had been established by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels the previous year. Fredericksburg is the birthplace of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz. It is the sister city of Montabaur, Germany. [7] On October 14, 1970, the Fredericksburg Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas. [8]

History

Geography

Fredericksburg is located east of the center of Gillespie County 70 miles (110 km) north of San Antonio and 78 miles (126 km) west of Austin.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.3 square kilometres (8.6 sq mi), of which 22.2 square kilometres (8.6 sq mi) are land and 0.12 km2 (0.05 sq mi), or 0.55%, is covered by water. [9]

Enchanted Rock

Enchanted Rock is a geographical landmark 27 km (17 mi) north of Fredericksburg in Llano County. The rock is a huge, pink granite exfoliation dome that rises 425 ft (130 m) above the surrounding land, has a summit elevation of 1,825 ft (556 m) above sea level, and covers 640 acres (260 ha). Enchanted Rock offers 8.4 miles of hiking trails, camping, picnicking, rock climbing, and other outdoor activities. It is one of the largest batholiths (underground rock formation uncovered by erosion) in the United States, and was declared a National Natural Landmark in 1970. In 1994, the State of Texas opened it as Enchanted Rock State Natural Area after adding facilities. The same year, Enchanted Rock was added to the National Register of Historic Places. [10] [11]

Balanced Rock

Balanced Rock, date unknown Balanced Rock, Gillespie County, Texas.jpg
Balanced Rock, date unknown

Balanced Rock was a famous local landmark that perched atop Bear Mountain 16 km (10 mi) north of Fredericksburg. [12] The natural wonder stone pillar, precariously balanced on its small tip. [13] It fell prey to vandals, who dynamited it off its base in April 1986. [14] [15]

Cross Mountain

Cross Mountain overlooking Fredericksburg in 2020 Cross mountain over fredericksburg.png
Cross Mountain overlooking Fredericksburg in 2020

The first known record of Cross Mountain (elevation 584 m (1,916 ft)) was in 1847 by Ferdinand von Roemer. Native Americans used the location to signal each other about intrusions into their territory. The area was part of settler John Christian Durst's 10-acre (4.0 ha) allotment. Durst found a timber cross on the mountain, indicating that Spanish missionaries had once used the site. Durst named the place "Kreuzberg" or Cross Mountain. In 1849, Father George Menzel erected a new cross. In 1946, St. Mary's Catholic Church erected a metal and concrete cross. The mountain has been used both for the Easter Fires pageant and for Easter sunrise services. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark 1976. [16]

Climate

Fredericksburg experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and generally mild winters. Average temperatures range from 82 °F (28 °C) in the summer to 47 °F (8 °C) during winter.

Climate data for Fredericksburg, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1896–1915, 1939–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)90
(32)		96
(36)		101
(38)		104
(40)		102
(39)		108
(42)		109
(43)		109
(43)		109
(43)		102
(39)		92
(33)		88
(31)		109
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)59.8
(15.4)		63.8
(17.7)		70.7
(21.5)		78.0
(25.6)		84.0
(28.9)		90.3
(32.4)		93.4
(34.1)		94.2
(34.6)		87.9
(31.1)		79.1
(26.2)		68.2
(20.1)		61.4
(16.3)		77.6
(25.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)47.0
(8.3)		51.2
(10.7)		58.3
(14.6)		65.6
(18.7)		73.3
(22.9)		79.4
(26.3)		82.1
(27.8)		82.2
(27.9)		76.0
(24.4)		66.7
(19.3)		56.1
(13.4)		48.6
(9.2)		65.5
(18.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)34.2
(1.2)		38.5
(3.6)		45.9
(7.7)		53.2
(11.8)		62.5
(16.9)		68.5
(20.3)		70.7
(21.5)		70.2
(21.2)		64.1
(17.8)		54.2
(12.3)		43.9
(6.6)		35.8
(2.1)		53.5
(11.9)
Record low °F (°C)−5
(−21)		−3
(−19)		12
(−11)		24
(−4)		37
(3)		48
(9)		55
(13)		54
(12)		35
(2)		24
(−4)		12
(−11)		1
(−17)		−5
(−21)
Average precipitation inches (mm)1.56
(40)		1.84
(47)		2.50
(64)		2.55
(65)		4.26
(108)		2.98
(76)		1.88
(48)		2.42
(61)		3.25
(83)		3.10
(79)		2.18
(55)		2.04
(52)		30.56
(776)
Average snowfall inches (cm)0.0
(0.0)		0.1
(0.25)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.1
(0.25)		0.0
(0.0)		0.2
(0.51)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)7.07.28.46.48.16.24.55.26.36.56.87.079.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)0.00.10.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
Source: NOAA [17] [18]

Architecture

The Vereins Kirche, the Pioneer Museum Complex, Pioneer Memorial Library, and other architecture.

Churches and religion

St. Mary's Catholic Church July 2017 2 (Main Church) St. Mary's Catholic Church July 2017 2 (Main Church).jpg
St. Mary's Catholic Church July 2017 2 (Main Church)

Nimitz Hotel and National Museum of the Pacific War

Railway

On January 3, 1913, the San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway was chartered to connect Fredericksburg with the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway near Waring. [19] In 1913 a 920-foot (280 m) long railroad tunnel was built. The cost of the tunnel sent the railroad into receivership on October 28, 1914. [20] It was sold under foreclosure on December 31, 1917, to Martin Carle who deeded the property to the Fredericksburg and Northern Railway, which had been chartered on December 26 of that year. The train operated until July 27, 1942. [21] [22] Since the shutdown of the railway the tunnel has become a bat cave, hosting over 3 million Mexican free-tailed bats. In 2012 it became Old Tunnel State Park, with provides picnic and restroom facilities for visitors. [23]

Agritourism

The Fredericksburg-Stonewall area has become known as the Peach Capital of Texas [24] and Benjamin Lester Enderle is known as the Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry. He was Gillespie County Surveyor and a math and science teacher at Fredericksburg High School when he planted five peach trees and began selling the fruit in 1921. Enderle worked to develop the Hale, Burbank, Elberta, and Stark varieties. He began marketing them through the H-E-B grocery chain, and eventually had 5,000 producing peach trees on 150 acres (61 ha). [25] Growers claim the taste [26] is due to the area having the right combination of elevation, sandy soil, and climate to produce flavorful clingstone and freestone peaches. The fruit ripens May–August, and consumers can either buy picked fruit, or pick their own. [27]

Main Street at Fredericksburg, a Biergarten is along the major street. Main Street at Fredericksburg.JPG
Main Street at Fredericksburg, a Biergarten is along the major street.

Herb farms, [28] grape culture, lavender production, and wildflower seeds have become burgeoning businesses in Fredericksburg. Combinations of agribusiness with day spas, wedding facilities, or bed-and-breakfast accommodations are not unusual. [29] [ self-published source? ] Even a Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail has been designated. [30]

Lady Bird Johnson's passion for Texas wildflowers not only lives on in the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center in Austin, but also sparked a high demand for seed. [31] The 200-acre (81 ha) Wildseed Farms in Fredericksburg was founded by John R. Thomas in 1983 as a result of that high demand, and produces 88 varieties of wildflower seeds. It is the largest family-owned wildflower seed farm in the United States and host of an annual Wildflower Celebration. [24] [32] [33]

In 1994, the Seventy-third Texas Legislature passed H.B. No. 1425, allowing brewpub operations within Texas. [34] Fredericksburg Brewing Company began operations shortly thereafter. [35] A number of vineyards and related industries have also arisen in the post-LBJ era of Fredericksburg. [36] The designated American Viticultural Areas of Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA and the much larger Texas Hill Country AVA both include Fredericksburg inside their boundaries. [37] Fredericksburg is a common starting point or destination for tourists visiting wineries in the Texas Hill Country. [38] [39]

Education

The city of Fredericksburg is served by the Fredericksburg Independent School District. The school's teams are called the "Battlin' Billies". [40]

The first institute of higher learning in Fredericksburg was Fredericksburg College in 1876. The German Methodist Church of Fredericksburg founded the institution and offered courses in the arts, sciences, and foreign languages. Enrollment was about 150 students. W. J. R. Thoenssen was the first principal, succeeded by Charles F. Tansill. Finances caused the college to be closed in 1884. The property was sold to Fredericksburg Independent School District. [41]

For higher education, Fredericksburg is home to Texas Tech University at Fredericksburg. [42]

It also has some private schools, such as:

Fredericksburg has a municipally operated library adjacent to the Gillespie County Courthouse.

Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools

Headquartered in Fredericksburg, the Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools is a group of former students and members of the community, interested in preserving the traditions of the old country schools, the community clubs, and the history of Gillespie County for future generations. [45]

Hospitals

Hill Country Memorial Hospital on Highway 16 is an acute-care facility that offers medical care, preventive care, and a wellness center. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 hospitals in the nation. [46]

Transportation

Major roads

Airport

Gillespie County Airport [47] (FAA locator T82) is located on State Highway 16 South, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from downtown Fredericksburg, and features a 5,002 ft (1,525 m) long runway and a hotel and diner. The airport was established by Hans Hannemann and Red Schroeder. Prior to 1945, the facility had been owned by the United States Army Air Corps. Transient and long-term hangar rentals are available. [48] [49]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850 754—
1870 1,164—
1880 1,085−6.8%
1890 1,53241.2%
1930 2,416—
1940 3,54446.7%
1950 3,8548.7%
1960 4,62920.1%
1970 5,32615.1%
1980 6,41220.4%
1990 6,9348.1%
2000 8,91128.5%
2010 10,53018.2%
2020 10,8753.3%
U.S. Decennial Census [50]
Fredericksburg city limits sign Fred IMG 0818.JPG
Fredericksburg city limits sign

2020 census

Fredericksburg racial composition [5]
(NH = Non-Hispanic) [lower-alpha 1]
RaceNumberPercentage
White (NH)7,84472.13%
Black or African American (NH)480.44%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)380.35%
Asian (NH)1010.93%
Some Other Race (NH)310.29%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)2902.67%
Hispanic or Latino 2,52323.2%
Total10,875

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,875 people, 4,796 households, and 2,823 families residing in the city.

2000 census

As of the census [3] of 2000, 8,911 people, 3,784 households, and 2,433 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,342 inhabitants per square mile (518/km2). The 4,183 housing units averaged 630 per square mile (243.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.08% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 5.09% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 17.00% of the population. English is spoken by 72.73% of the population, Spanish by 14.77%, and Texas German by 12.48%. [53] In terms of ancestry, 39.7% were of German, 12.5% were of Irish, 10.8% were of English, 4.9% were of American, 3.2% were of Scotch-Irish, 2.3% were of Scottish, 2.3% were of Dutch.

Of the 3,784 households, 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were not families. About 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was distributed as 20.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 30.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,276, and for a family was $43,670. Males had a median income of $25,878 versus $22,171 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,788. About 7.5% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government

The city of Fredericksburg is run under the council-manager form of government. As per the Home Rule Charter adopted May 1991, [54] the governing body of Fredericksburg consists of a mayor and four council members. Both the mayor and the council are elected in alternating years by the city at large for two-year terms with a limit of four consecutive terms. [55]

Media

Radio

AM Radio station KNAF went on the air in 1947. The original license was granted by the Federal Communications Commission to Arthur Stehling. [56] The license was transferred to Norbert Fritz and family. [57]

Newspapers

The Fredericksburg Standard was originally titled Gillespie County News and was founded in 1888. The name change happened in 1907. The paper was purchased by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company in 1915, which also published the German language newspaper Fredericksburg Wochenblatt. The Radio Post began publishing in 1922 and was purchased in 1984 by the Fredericksburg Publishing Company. The two newspapers merged into the Fredericksburg Standard-Radio Post. [58] [59]

Notable people

Notable people of Fredericksburg, Texas
NameBirth-deathNotabilityRef(s)
Jacob Bickler (1849–1902)Educator, founder of two Austin academies, taught summer school in Fredericksburg [64]
Kyle Biedermann (born 1959)Texas state legislator [65]
Matthew Gaines (1840–1900)Former slave, Baptist minister became a senator in the Texas State Legislature after emancipation [66]
General Michael W. Hagee (born 1944)33rd Commandant of the United States Marine Corps [67]
Max Hirsch (1880–1969) National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer [68]
Betty Holekamp (1826–1902)German colonist and pioneer woman, called the Betsy Ross of Texas [69]
1st Lt. Louis John Jordan (1890–1918)All-American football player with Texas Longhorns (1911–1914), first Texan officer killed in World War I, posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1924 [70]
Hugo Emil Klaerner (1908–1982) Chicago White Sox pitcher [71]
Allen V. Kneese (1930–2001)Pioneer of environmental economics [72]
Engelbert Krauskopf (1820–1881)Gunsmith, inventor, naturalist [73]
Jacob Kuechler (1823–1893)Surveyor, conscientious objector during the Civil War, and commissioner of the Texas General Land Office [74]
Lara Logan (born 1971) 60 Minutes Correspondent [75]
Hermann Lungkwitz (1813–1891)Landscape artist and photographer, noted for first pictorial records of the Texas Hill Country [76]
John O. Meusebach (1812–1897)Founding father of Fredericksburg [77]
Henry Miller (1853–1896)First Grand President of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) [78]
William Molter (1910–1960)Thoroughbred trainer in National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame [79]
Charles Henry Nimitz (1826–1911)Built the Nimitz Hotel in 1852, grandfather of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, elected to the Texas Legislature in 1890 [80]
Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz (1885–1966)Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Forces in World War II [81]
Friedrich Richard Petri (1824–1857)Painter who depicted relationships between early German settlers and local Native American tribes [82]
Colonel Alfred P. C. Petsch (1887–1981)Lawyer, legislator, civic leader, and philanthropist, served in the Texas House of Representatives 1925–1941, veteran of both World War I and World War II [83]
Felix Stehling (1925–2012)Co-founder of Taco Cabana [84]
Buffy Tyler (born 1978)Playboy Playmate November 2000 [85]
Frank Van der Stucken (1858–1929)Music composer, conductor [86]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. 1 2 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Fredericksburg, Texas
  3. 1 2 "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. 1 2 "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
  6. ↑ Yelp: Fritztown Diesel and Trick Repair Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: 11/28/2013
  7. ↑ "Fredericksburg -V.G. Montabaur Sister City Organization". Archived from the original on September 1, 2014.
  8. ↑ Fredericksburg, Texas NPS Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: 11/28/2013
  9. ↑ "QuickFacts: Fredericksburg city, Texas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  10. ↑ "National Landmark, Enchanted Rock". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010. National Park Service
  11. ↑ "State Natural Area, Enchanted Rock". Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
  12. ↑ "Balanced Rock Pillar – Texas Mountain Peak Information". Mountain Zone.com. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Balanced Rock Postcard". Playle's Online Auctions. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  14. ↑ Kennedy, Ira (July 2003). "Crabapple Community-A World Unto Itself". Tourin' Texas. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Vandals Blast Balanced Rock". Schenectady Gazette. April 26, 1986.
  16. ↑ "Cross Mountain Historical Marker". Texas Historic Landmark. William Nienke, Sam Morrow. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  17. ↑ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  19. ↑ Young, Nancy Beck. "San Antonio, Fredericksburg and Northern Railway Company". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  20. ↑ Eckhardt, C F. "The Little Engine That Couldn't". Charley Eckhardt's Texas. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  21. ↑ Schmidt, F A. "Old Tunnel Wildlife Management Area – Railroad History". Rails Through the Hill Country. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  22. ↑ Murphy, Victoria A. "Fredericksburg and Northern Railway". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Old Tunnel Bat Habitat". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  24. 1 2 Fodor's Texas. Fodor's. 2008. p. 179. ISBN   978-1-4000-0719-6.
  25. ↑ Murphy, Lloyd (June 8, 1983). "B. L. Enderle: Father of the Hill Country Peach Industry". Fredericksburg Standard.
  26. ↑ Meyer, Arthur L; Wilson, John A; LeNorte, Alain (1997). "Hill Country Peach Pave". Texas Tortes. University of Texas Press. pp. 19, 20. ISBN   978-0-292-75201-6.
  27. ↑ West, Richard (August 1978). "A Peace of a Deal". Texas Monthly: 83, 84.
  28. ↑ Albert, Susan Wittig (2006). China Bayles' Book of Days. Berkley Trade. p. 114. ISBN   978-0-425-20653-9.
  29. ↑ Reilly, Wendimere (2007). The Health Chic Guide: Hip, Fun & Delicious Living. Lulu.com. p. 56. ISBN   978-1-4303-0671-9.[ self-published source ]
  30. ↑ "Texas Hill Country Lavender Trail". Biscuit Hill. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  31. ↑ McDonald, Miller B; Kwong, Francis Y (2004). Flower Seeds. CABI. p. 39. ISBN   978-0-85199-906-7.
  32. ↑ Permenter, Paris; Bigley, John (2008). Insiders' Guide to San Antonio. Insiders' Guide. p. 166. ISBN   978-0-7627-4787-0.
  33. ↑ Welsh, Douglas F (2007). Doug Welsh's Texas Garden Almanac. TAMU Press. p. 359. ISBN   978-1-58544-619-3.
  34. ↑ "HB 1425". Texas State Legislature. Archived from the original on January 26, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  35. ↑ "Fredericksburg Brewing Company". Fredericksburg Brewing Company. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
  36. ↑ Abbott, Mary Lu (2003). Texas: Romantic Weekends. Hunter Publishing. p.  111. ISBN   978-1-58843-358-9.
  37. ↑ MacNeill, Karen (2001). The Wine Bible. Workman Publishing Company. p.  754. ISBN   978-1-56305-434-1.
  38. ↑ "Texas Hill Country Wineries". THCW. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  39. ↑ Jackson, Ronald S (2000). Wine Science, Second Edition: Principles, Practice, Perception. Academic Press. p. 488. ISBN   978-0-12-379062-0.
  40. ↑ "Fredericksburg Battlin' Billies". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013. Accessed: 11/29/2013
  41. ↑ Hartmann, Clinton P. "Fredericksburg College". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  42. ↑ Texas Tech: Fredericksburg Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: 11/28/2013
  43. ↑ "Ambleside". Ambleside Fredericksburg. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  44. ↑ "Heritage School". Heritage School. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  45. ↑ Historic Schools, The Friends of Gillespie Country Schools Archived August 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ Adams (2004). The Austin/San Antonio Jobbank: Includes: Abilene, Amarillo, Corpus Christi, El Paso, Lubbock, and many others : The job Hunter's Guide to Southern and Western Texas. Adams Media Corporation. p.  115. ISBN   978-1-59337-221-7.
  47. ↑ AirNav Gillespie Co Airport Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ Williams, Cheryl (October–November 2006). "Profile: Gillespie County Airport, Fredericksburg, Texas". Wingtips. Texas Department of Transportation: 1–4.
  49. ↑ "Gillespie County Airport". AirNav, LLC. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  51. ↑ https://www.census.gov/ [ not specific enough to verify ]
  52. ↑ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  53. ↑ "Fredericksburg, Texas 2000 Census". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  54. ↑ "Home Rule Charter for the City of Fredericksburg" (PDF). City of Fredericksburg, Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
  55. ↑ "Fredericksburg City Council". City of Fredericksburg, Texas. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.
  56. ↑ Dallek, Robert (1991). Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960. Oxford University Press. p.  411. ISBN   978-0-19-505435-4.
  57. ↑ "KNAF-AM History". Fritz Broadcasting. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  58. ↑ Kohout, Martin Donell. "Gillespie County". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  59. ↑ "Fredericksburg Standard". About Us. Fredericksburg Standard-Radio Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  60. ↑ "Hill Top Cafe, Fredericksburg, Texas". www.hilltopcafe.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  61. ↑ Louinet (2002 , p. 430)
  62. ↑ "A Short Bio of REH by Rusty Burke". September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  63. ↑ Recording of the 11/11/2016 De Boogie show, with comments about Fredericksberg after 23" as part of the introduction to a Johnny Nicholas track Archived 2016-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ↑ Bickler, Ralph A. (June 12, 2010). "Jacob Bickler". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  65. ↑ "Texas Legislature Online - 87th Legislature - Information for Rep. Kyle Biedermann". capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  66. ↑ Pitre, Merline. "Gaines, Matthew". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
  67. ↑ Clark, Cpl. Aaron K. (November 15, 2006). "Hagee retires, Conway appointed 34th commandant". Marine Corps News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  68. ↑ "Max Hirsh Dies At 88". The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search. April 4, 1969. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  69. ↑ Ransleben, Guido E (1954). A Hundred years of Comfort in Texas. Naylor Co. ISBN   0-8111-0535-0. OCLC   680162027.
  70. ↑ Kohout, Martin Donell. "Jordan, Louis John". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
  71. ↑ "Baseball-Hugo Emil Klaerner". Tex Gen Web. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2010.; "Facts and Rumors from Major-Minor League Ball Marts". The Lewiston Daily Sun. November 21, 1934.
  72. ↑ "Allen Kneese". The Economist . March 24, 2001. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
  73. ↑ Kohout, Martin Donell (June 15, 2010). "Krauskopf, Engelbert". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  74. ↑ McGuire, James Patrick (June 15, 2010). "Jacob Kuechler". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  75. ↑ Jakle, By Jeanne (September 27, 2017). "'60 Minutes' star embraces life in the Texas Hill Country". Mysa. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  76. ↑ McGuire, James Patrick (June 15, 2010). "Karl Friedrich Hermann Lungkwitz". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  77. ↑ Smith, Cornelia Marschall; Tetzlaff, Otto W. (June 15, 2010). "John O. Meusebach". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  78. ↑ "Henry Miller: IBEW's Founder Kindled a Legacy". IBEW. July 2001. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  79. ↑ "William Molter Dies". The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive. April 3, 1960. Retrieved April 6, 2018.[ permanent dead link ]
  80. ↑ "Charles Nimitz". Texas Legislative Reference Library. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  81. ↑ "Fleet Admiral Nimitz Dies Of Stroke". The Spokesman via Google News. February 21, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  82. ↑ Newcomb, W. W. Jr. "Richard Friedrich Petri". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  83. ↑ Watkins, Melanie. "Petsch, Alfred PC". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
  84. ↑ Morton, Neil (December 11, 2012). "Stehling, Taco Cabana founder, dies at 87". San Antonio Express-News . Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  85. ↑ "Buffy Tyler". Playboy Magazine. Playboy Enterprises. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
  86. ↑ Wolz, Larry (August 1, 1995) [1952]. "Van Der Stucken, Frank Valentine". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
  1. ↑ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. [51] [52]

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