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Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires both sufficient spectral range and sufficient intensity range. Humans have poor night vision compared to many animals such as cats, dogs, foxes and rabbits, in part because the human eye lacks a tapetum lucidum, tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina thus increasing the light available to the photoreceptors.
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A night-vision device (NVD), also known as a night optical/observation device (NOD) or night-vision goggle (NVG), is an optoelectronic device that allows visualization of images in low levels of light, improving the user's night vision. The device enhances ambient visible light and converts near-infrared light into visible light which can be seen by the user; this is known as I2 (image intensification). By comparison, viewing of infrared thermal radiation is referred to as thermal imaging and operates in a different section of the infrared spectrum. A night vision device usually consists of an image intensifier tube, a protective housing, and may have some type of mounting system. Many NVDs also include a protective sacrificial lens, mounted over the front lens (ie. objective lens) on NVDs to protect the latter from damage by environmental hazards, and some can incorporate telescopic lenses. The image produced by an NVD is typically monochrome green, as green was considered to be the easiest color to look at for prolonged periods in the dark. Night vision devices may be passive, relying solely on ambient light, or may be active, using an IR (infrared) illuminator to visualize the environment better.
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Eyewear is a term used to refer to all devices worn over both of a person's eyes, or occasionally a single eye, for one or more of a variety of purposes. Though historically used for vision improvement and correction, eyewear has also evolved into eye protection, for fashion and aesthetic purposes, and starting in the late 20th century, computers and virtual reality.
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Louise Littig Sloan was an American ophthalmologist and vision scientist. She is credited for being a pioneer of the sub-division of clinical vision research, contributing more than 100 scientific articles in which she either authored or co-authored. Her most notable work was in the area of visual acuity testing where she developed and improved equipment. Sloan received her Ph.D. from Bryn Mawr College in experimental psychology. She spent a short period of time in both Bryn Mawr's experimental psychology program as well as the Department of Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. The majority of her career, however, was spent at Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute where she directed the Wilmer Laboratory of Physiological Optics for 44 years. In 1971, Sloan was the second woman awarded the prestigious Edgar D. Tillyer Award by Optica (formerly Optical Society for her many achievements in the field of vision.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Chisum, Gloria Twine – 1984". Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Gaylord Pickens Museum. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- 1 2 3 Sammons, Vivian Ovelton (1990). Blacks in Science and Medicine. U.S.A.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. p. 54. ISBN 0-89116-665-3.
- 1 2 3 Ryan, J (17 February 2011). "Black Women on the Board of Trustees". UPenn Black History Project. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ↑ Bradby, Mary; Bonnie Winston; Mark Paikoff (1989). "Black Engineers of the Year". US Black Engineer & IT. 13 (1): 50.
- ↑ Warren, Wini (1999). Black Women Scientists in the United States. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 29. ISBN 0-253-33603-1.
- ↑ Chisum G.T.; Morway P.E. (5–9 April 1976). "Integration of Aviator's Eye Protection and Visual Aids in AGARD Conference Proceedings No 191, Visual Aids and Eye Protection for the Aviator". Defense Technical Information Center. U.S. Department of Defense. pp. C2–1 to C2–7. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ↑ Chisum, Gloria Twine (1975). "Laboratory assessment of the AN/PVS-5 night vision goggle". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Warminster, Pa: Naval Air Development Center. 46 (11): 1390–4. PMID 1212145.
- ↑ Chisum, Gloria Twine (1978). Laser eye protection for flight personnel, vol. 1. Warminster, Pa: Naval Air Development Center.
- 1 2 "Moving forward and making a difference". Penn Impact 2020. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ↑ Report, Tribune Staff (26 October 2014). "Dr. Melvin J. Chisum, 92, retired physician". The Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
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