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The black-backed jackal,also called the silver-backed jackal,is a medium-sized canine native to eastern and southern Africa. These regions are separated by roughly 900 kilometers.
Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexa alveolates which incorporates over 300 species of obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates,as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropods,which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of the parasite. By far the most biodiverse and prevalent of all haemogregarines,the genus is distinguished by its unique reciprocal trophic lifecycle which lacks the salivary transmission between hosts commonly associated with other apicomplexans. While particularly prevalent in amphibians and reptiles,the genus is more well known in veterinary circles for causing a tick-borne disease called hepatozoonosis in some mammals.
Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite that was identified as a species in 1988. Prior to this,it was misclassified as Toxoplasma gondii due to structural similarities. The genome sequence of Neospora caninum has been determined by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the University of Liverpool. Neospora caninum is an important cause of spontaneous abortion in infected livestock.
Dermatophytosis,also known as tinea and ringworm,is a fungal infection of the skin,that may affect skin,hair,and nails. Typically it results in a red,itchy,scaly,circular rash. Hair loss may occur in the area affected. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. The types of dermatophytosis are typically named for area of the body that they affect. Multiple areas can be affected at a given time.
Mokola lyssavirus,commonly called Mokola virus (MOKV),is an RNA virus related to rabies virus that has been sporadically isolated from mammals across sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of isolates have come from domestic cats exhibiting symptoms characteristically associated to rabies virus infection.
Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative,facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic,and often exhibit bipolar staining. Most species are catalase- and oxidase-positive. The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist,Louis Pasteur,who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera.
A dog bite is a bite upon a person or other animal by a dog,including from a rabid dog. More than one successive bite is often called a dog attack,although dog attacks can include knock-downs and scratches. Though some dog bites do not result in injury,they can result in infection,disfigurement,temporary or permanent disability,or death. Another type of dog bite is the "soft bite" displayed by well-trained dogs,by puppies,and in non-aggressive play. Dog bites can occur during dog fighting,as a response to mistreatment,by trained dogs working as guard,police or military animals,or during a random encounter.
The dog is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog,it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf;the gray wolf is the dog's closest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated by humans. Experts estimate that hunter-gatherers domesticated dogs more than 15,000 years ago,which was before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans,dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.
A vaccine-associated sarcoma (VAS) or feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) is a type of malignant tumor found in cats which has been linked to certain vaccines. VAS has become a concern for veterinarians and cat owners alike and has resulted in changes in recommended vaccine protocols. These sarcomas have been most commonly associated with rabies and feline leukemia virus vaccines,but other vaccines and injected medications have also been implicated.
Vaccination of dogs is the practice of animal vaccination applied to dogs. Programs in this field have contributed both to the health of dogs and to the public health. In countries where routine rabies vaccination of dogs is practiced,for example,rabies in humans is reduced to a very rare event.
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection,caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae,genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells.
The rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are several rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. Vaccinations must be administered prior to rabies virus exposure or within the latent period after exposure to prevent the disease. Transmission of rabies virus to humans typically occurs through a bite or scratch from an infectious animal,but exposure can occur through indirect contact with the saliva from an infectious individual.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals. It was historically referred to as hydrophobia due to the symptom of panic when presented with liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abnormal sensations at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms:nausea,vomiting,violent movements,uncontrolled excitement,fear of water,an inability to move parts of the body,confusion,and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear,the result is virtually always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.
The prevalence of rabies,a deadly viral disease affecting mammals,varies significantly across regions worldwide,posing a persistent public health problem.
In animals,rabies is a viral zoonotic neuro-invasive disease which causes inflammation in the brain and is usually fatal. Rabies,caused by the rabies virus,primarily infects mammals. In the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected,as well as cell cultures from birds,reptiles and insects. The brains of animals with rabies deteriorate. As a result,they tend to behave bizarrely and often aggressively,increasing the chances that they will bite another animal or a person and transmit the disease.
A free-ranging dog is a dog that is not confined to a yard or house. Free-ranging dogs include street dogs,village dogs,stray dogs,feral dogs,etc.,and may be owned or unowned. The global dog population is estimated to be 900 million,of which around 20% are regarded as owned pets and therefore restrained.
The Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) is a non-profit organization that aims to eliminate deaths from canine rabies by 2030. Rabies is a neglected disease of poverty,which is almost 100% fatal,but can also be prevented with available vaccines. The Global Alliance for Rabies Control's work centers around the One Health Approach where vaccinating dogs stops the disease at its source and protects the whole community. Where the funding and political will exist,canine rabies has been eliminated. Inequality in access to preventive health care and proven control methods means that around 59,000 people,almost all in Africa and Asia,die every year.
Rabies is a viral disease that exists in Haiti and throughout the world. It often causes fatal inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals,such as dogs and mongooses in Haiti. The term "rabies" is derived from a Latin word that means "to rage";rabid animals sometimes appear to be angry. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure,followed by one or more of the following symptoms:violent movements,uncontrolled excitement,fear of water,an inability to move parts of the body,confusion,and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear,death is nearly always the outcome. The time period between contracting the disease and showing symptoms is usually one to three months;however,this time period can vary from less than a week to more than a year. The time between contraction and the onset of symptoms is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Neglected tropical diseases in India are a group of bacterial,parasitic,viral,and fungal infections that are common in low income countries but receive little funding to address them. Neglected tropical diseases are common in India.
Animal vaccination is the immunisation of a domestic,livestock or wild animal. The practice is connected to veterinary medicine. The first animal vaccine invented was for chicken cholera in 1879 by Louis Pasteur. The production of such vaccines encounter issues in relation to the economic difficulties of individuals,the government and companies. Regulation of animal vaccinations is less compared to the regulations of human vaccinations. Vaccines are categorised into conventional and next generation vaccines. Animal vaccines have been found to be the most cost effective and sustainable methods of controlling infectious veterinary diseases. In 2017,the veterinary vaccine industry was valued at US$7 billion and it is predicted to reach US$9 billion in 2024.
References
- ↑ University of Zimbabwe. "About UZ". Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ↑ Bingham, J.; Schumacher, C.L.; Hill, F.W.G.; Aubert, A. (1999). "Efficacy of SAG-2 oral rabies vaccine in two species of jackal (Canis adustus and Canis mesomelas)". Vaccine (abstract). 17 (6). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 551–558. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00233-3. PMID 10075161.
- ↑ Bingham, J.; Foggin, C.M.; Wondeler, A.I.; Hill, F.W.G. (1999). "The epidemiology of rabies in Zimbabwe 1. Rabies in dogs (Canis familiaris)". Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research (abstract). 66 (1). Pretoria: Veterinary Research Institute: 1–10. ISSN 0030-2465. PMID 10396756 . Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ↑ Stewart, R.J.E.; Hill, F.W.G.; Masztalerz, A.; Jacobs, J.J.L.; Koten, J.; W. Den Otter (2006). "Treatment of ocular squamous cell carcinomas in cattle with interleukin-2". The Veterinary Record (abstract). 159 (20). London: British Veterinary Association: 668–672. doi:10.1136/vr.159.20.668. PMID 17099175. S2CID 30964030 . Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ↑ Hill, F.W.G. (1978). "Snake bite in dogs". Australian Veterinary Journal (abstract). 55 (2). Malden: Wiley Interscience: 82–85. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb15171.x. PMID 444166. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ↑ Hill, F.W.G.; Kelley, D.F. (1974). "Naturally occurring intestinal malabsorption in the dog". Digestive Diseases and Sciences (abstract). 19 (7). Amsterdam: Springer-Verlag: 649–665. doi:10.1007/BF01073021. PMID 4835335. S2CID 11947169.
- ↑ "University lecturers on strike". IRIN (UN). 8 November 2000. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
- ↑ "Slap Nyagura with travel restrictions". NewZimbabwe.com. 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
- ↑ "Judge backs press freedom in landmark ruling". The Institute for Ethics and Economic Policy (IEEP). 8 November 2001. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
- ↑ "Zimbabwe's empty gestures, empty stomachs". The Zimbabwean. 30 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
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