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A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality,not the objective input,may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus,cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion,inaccurate judgment,illogical interpretation,and irrationality.
In the field of psychology,cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information and the mental toll of it. Relevant items of information include a person's actions,feelings,ideas,beliefs,values,and things in the environment. Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things. According to this theory,when two actions or ideas are not psychologically consistent with each other,people do all in their power to change them until they become consistent. The discomfort is triggered by the person's belief clashing with new information perceived,wherein the individual tries to find a way to resolve the contradiction to reduce their discomfort.
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In psychology,illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists. A false association may be formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one's attention. This phenomenon is one way stereotypes form and endure. Hamilton &Rose (1980) found that stereotypes can lead people to expect certain groups and traits to fit together,and then to overestimate the frequency with which these correlations actually occur. These stereotypes can be learned and perpetuated without any actual contact occurring between the holder of the stereotype and the group it is about.
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Debiasing is the reduction of bias,particularly with respect to judgment and decision making. Biased judgment and decision making is that which systematically deviates from the prescriptions of objective standards such as facts,logic,and rational behavior or prescriptive norms. Biased judgment and decision making exists in consequential domains such as medicine,law,policy,and business,as well as in everyday life. Investors,for example,tend to hold onto falling stocks too long and sell rising stocks too quickly. Employers exhibit considerable discrimination in hiring and employment practices,and some parents continue to believe that vaccinations cause autism despite knowing that this link is based on falsified evidence. At an individual level,people who exhibit less decision bias have more intact social environments,reduced risk of alcohol and drug use,lower childhood delinquency rates,and superior planning and problem solving abilities.
Yaacov Schul is an Israeli professor of cognitive and social psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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References
- 1 2 University, Carnegie Mellon. "Gretchen Chapman - Chapman Research Group - Social and Decision Sciences - Carnegie Mellon University". www.cmu.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ "Psychological Science Editorial Board". Association for Psychological Science - APS.
- ↑ "Faculty Honors and Awards 2008". sas.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ "APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology". www.apa.org.
- 1 2 "Gretchen B. Chapman: Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology". American Psychologist. 54 (11): 909–912. 1999. doi:10.1037/h0088196.
- ↑ Bornstein, Brian H.; Chapman, Gretchen B. (1995). "Learning lessons from sunk costs". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 1 (4): 251–269. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.251. S2CID 143687049.
- ↑ "Early Career Awards". Society for Medical Decision Making. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B.; Nelson, Richard; Hier, Daniel B. (March 1999). "Familiarity and time preferences: Decision making about treatments for migraine headaches and Crohn's disease". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 5 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.5.1.17.
- ↑ Anna Witek. "Faculty Honors and Awards 2012". sas.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B.; Sonnenberg, Frank A. (13 March 2000). Decision making in health care : theory, psychology, and applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521641593.
- ↑ "Chapman, Gretchen | Rutgers Women in Science". wisem.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B.; Robbins, Steven J. (September 1990). "Cue interaction in human contingency judgment". Memory & Cognition. 18 (5): 537–545. doi: 10.3758/BF03198486 . PMID 2233266.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B. (1991). "Trial order affects cue interaction in contingency judgment". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 17 (5): 837–854. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.17.5.837. PMID 1834767.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B.; Johnson, Eric J. (December 1994). "The limits of anchoring". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 7 (4): 223–242. doi:10.1002/bdm.3960070402.
- 1 2 3 "Chapman, Gretchen | Rutgers Women in Science". wisem.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ University, Carnegie Mellon. "Gretchen Chapman - Social and Decision Sciences - Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences - Carnegie Mellon University". www.cmu.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
- ↑ Colby, Helen; Chapman, Gretchen (2013). "Savings, subgoals, and reference points". Judgment and Decision Making. 8: 16–24. doi:10.1017/S1930297500004459. hdl: 1805/25890 . S2CID 16833207.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B. (1996). "Temporal discounting and utility for health and money". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 22 (3): 771–791. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.3.771. PMID 8656156.
- ↑ Chapman, Gretchen B.; Li, Meng; Colby, Helen; Yoon, Haewon (7 July 2010). "Opting In vs Opting Out of Influenza Vaccination". JAMA. 304 (1): 43–4. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.892 . PMID 20606147.
