Guillermo Castro | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Leonardo Barbieri; 1852. | |
| Born | 1809 |
| Died | 1866 |
| Occupations |
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| Spouse | Luisa Peralta |
Don Guillermo Castro, born in 1809 in Spanish Alta California, was a Californio ranchero, military officer, local justice of the peace and surveyor who once owned vast land holdings in Alameda County. He is the namesake of the unincorporated community of Castro Valley, California and his land included most of the modern City of Hayward, California.
Guillermo José Castro was a third generation Spanish Californian. His grandfather Joaquin Ysidro Castro, grandmother Martina Botiller Castro and their nine children (including his father Carlos) migrated from Sinaloa in New Spain to California as members of the fantastically successful 1775-6 Juan Bautista de Anza expedition. The Castros were among the sixty-eight people who founded the Pueblo San Jose in 1777. After 19 years of military service, Joaquin Ysidro Castro and his son-in-law José Maria Soberanes were granted the 7,725-acre Rancho Buenavista near Salinas, California in 1795, one of the earliest Spanish rancho lifetime leases.
Guillermo Castro was born on his grandparents’ rancho on February 10, 1809, and christened at the Mission San Juan Bautista. An older brother Juan José was killed at the age of 15 in a fall from a horse. [1] In 1834 his father Carlos Antonio Castro received a fee simple grant of the 22,300-acre Rancho San Francisco de las Llagas in Santa Clara County. Carlos later took an active role in acquiring land for Guillermo, using his influence for his sons benefit. [2]
At the age of nineteen Guillermo Castro married María Luisa Fermina Peralta, daughter of Luis Peralta, the owner of the first and largest rancho in the East Bay, Rancho San Antonio, consisting of today’s Oakland, Berkeley, Albany, Emeryville, and Piedmont. Castro’s bride came with a dowry of 230 cattle. The couple had at least nine children: Juan in 1831, Francisco and José Ramon (twins) in 1833, Conception in 1835, Encarnacion in 1836, Loreta in 1837, Guillermo Jr. in 1840, Luis in 1842 and Edelfrida in 1844. They apparently had later children who did not survive to adulthood. One modern reference (In Search of Don Castro, Lynn Mackie, Castro Valley Forum, Progress Edition, March 8, 1993) quotes baptismal records that indicate that the Castros had two more younger children: Belisario Felipe and Fileman. The article is confirmed by reference to the Huntington Library Early California Population Database. [3] This database shows Filemon born in February 1849 and Belisario Felipe in August 1848, which is gestationally impossible—presumably the birthdate is incorrectly recorded or transcribed. Dorothy Mutnick’s compilation of the Mission records throws in yet another son, Jose Bernado, although no birthday is given. The Mutnick record states that Jose Bernado died in 1846 and Belisario Felipe died in 1850. There is no date of death for Filemon. The death of several children in such a short time must have been very hard on the Castro’s, but was relatively common in that era, probably due in part to advanced maternal age. It was common to see the death of a final child of an older multiparous woman. In the 1852 state census the entire surviving Castro clan appears, and the youngest child is Edelfrida.
Guillermo, like most young men in Alta California, was a soldier and was posted to the pueblo of San José. He rose to the rank of lieutenant. He worked as a surveyor in 1838, assigned to define the vague outlines of the grazing commons of the pueblo of San José so it could be preserved against the onslaught of land privatization. [4]
There is an oft-repeated story of Castro leading an assault on the famed ex-Mission rebel Estanislao (Stanislaus) in 1840, but Estanislao died in 1838. There was a bloody and vengeful attack on Central Valley Native Americans in 1840, but Castro’s neighbor José María Amador led that assault, not Castro. [5] Castro was assigned as a justice of the peace in the East Bay in 1843 and was also appointed as a backup judge to the supreme court in 1845, but the court never met.
Much of the land in today’s Alameda County, California was in the possession of the Mission San Jose from 1797 until November 26, 1836. After that date, management of the land was turned over to the Mexican Government of Alta California (nationalized or more specifically, secularized). Almost immediately, three long-serving military men from prominent families vied for grants in two of the adjacent Mission ranchos along the bay, Rancho San Lorenzo and Rancho San Leandro—Guillermo Castro, José Joaquín Estudillo and Francisco Soto. Each would end up with a rancho, but only after years of intrigue.
Guillermo Castro and his father Carlos wasted no time in applying for land on the secularized Rancho San Leandro. Their application was dated December 19, 1836, a mere three weeks after secularization and three weeks before Estudillo’s application for the same land. The father and son lamented their inability to grow crops on Carlos’s Rancho Las Llagas, which they offered to relinquish in exchange for a new grant in Rancho San Leandro. Given the stated use as farmland, father and son were authorized to occupy a surely disappointing quarter of a league on December 7, 1837, being careful not to interfere with Estudillo. No land was granted.
In January 1840, Governor Alvarado gave Guillermo Castro provisional authority to occupy a vaguely described part of the Rancho San Leandro “in the direction of the hills, without passing the line which from north to south is formed by the springs on the place.” While he was still fighting over the division of Rancho San Leandro, in late 1840 Carlos Castro applied for a small land grant for Guillermo to build a house, barn, and orchard in the adjacent Rancho San Lorenzo. The home would be at a “place free from the inconveniences liable to be suffered on account of being near the cattle.” A 600 varas lot (~62 acres) was granted in February 1841 in the old rancheria area of Rancho San Lorenzo, now downtown Hayward.
With a foot in the door on the Rancho San Lorenzo, in 1841 the Castros petitioned for a 1.5 league grant of that rancho. Francisco Soto had also petitioned for 2.5 leagues in Rancho San Lorenzo. Thus, the Castro’s two outstanding requests had to be reconciled with those of Estudillo and Soto. For this reason, and the fact that the Pueblo San Jose cattle were using Rancho San Lorenzo, awarding of grants to all three men was delayed. Negotiations dragged on, Estudillo’s son-in-law William H. Davis characterized Castro’s actions as intriguing with his relative, the governor.
In 1842, Estudillo and Soto received land grants, but Castro’s multiple requests had truncated the grants to both men, and they were quite aggrieved. Castro had not yet received a rancho grant. Surely losing patience, Carlos Castro combined his two outstanding grant requests into a new petition submitted for his son on October 10, 1843. Action followed quickly, Governor Manuel Micheltorena referred the grant request to Secretary of State Manuel Jimeno on October 13. Ten days later Jimeno recommended approval and on October 25 the “Decree of Concession” was recorded. Castro's "six square league" rancho was eventually mapped to 26,722.52 acres by the Americans in 1864
Guillermo Castro was one of many Castro family rancho grantees. Including his father and grandfather, the men of the Castro Family were given at least seventeen land grants. Three of his uncles received grants, including Francisco Castro who was deeded the Contra Costa Rancho San Pablo in 1823, a name still prominent in the San Francisco East Bay. Cousins Victor Castro and Juan Castro were awarded the adjacent El Sobrante grant in 1841. [6]
Castro built his home in what is now downtown Hayward and lived there undisturbed until the Gold Rush of 1849 brought giant herds of men from around the world to California. Castro actually flourished, selling beef at high prices to feed the hungry miners. His rancho grew to 8000 beeves, 4000 sheep and 500 horses. This was about the maximum number that could be supported on this rangeland, so he was running at peak capacity. But the good times did not last, as failed miners returned to the area and decided to squat on his rancho. Soon his gigantic rancho was filled with squatters. The first squatters to make a claim in Castro Valley were Zachariah Hughes, a Methodist minister and farmer from Missouri, and his stepsons James and John William Jamison. They registered their adjoining claims along the west side of the new Redwood Road with Contra Costa County on November 24, 1852. The next to arrive were William Abel and Richard Dowling Jr., who recorded their claims along the east side of Redwood Road on December 1, 1852. By 1858, there were reportedly eighty squatters on Castro’s rancho, fencing his herds out, and cutting down his trees.
A single unreferenced historical source dating to 1876 stated that Castro’s downfall was started by a gambling debt of $35,000 accrued during a trip to southern California to buy more beeves for his herd in 1852. [7] This has been repeated dozens of times since it was published. True or not, Guillermo Castro’s fate was sealed not by a single event but by an accumulation of errors, old habits, squatters, taxes, usurious interest rates, bad luck, attorney fees and even the weather. In 1855, a property speculation in San Francisco was foreclosed, losing $10,000. His bank went under. Castro had to defend his rancho to the U.S. Land Commission and repeatedly in the District Court, amassing huge legal fees for each step. Castro’s wife was the daughter of Luis Maria Peralta, the biggest landholder in the East Bay. But Peralta cut her out of his will, having previously given the young couple cattle as dowry. He left his rancho to his sons and the house in the south bay to his unmarried daughters. The sisters sued to break the will but failed after multiple expensive court battles. Rustlers stole Castro’s cattle by the hundreds. Castro filed a lawsuit against eighty interlopers in May 1860, it cost him more than $1700 (about $45,000 in 2022) just to get copies of the suit served to 69 of the 80 defendants.
The long-simmering quarrels Castro initiated over rancho boundaries with his neighbors the Estudillos and Sotos dragged the rancho patenting process out for years. Castro reportedly spent his money lavishly, a form of conspicuous consumption common among the California rancheros. [8] The county imposed new property taxes starting in 1850 which amounted to 1-2% of assessed value. California was hit by a flood and two years of drought that devastated cattle ranching throughout the state. Starting in December 1861, forty-three days of rain turned California’s valleys into lakes, rivers tore entire towns away. In northern California, heavy rains mixed with warm temperatures, melting the snowpack in the Sierras. The wet weather reached its crescendo with the Great Flood of January 1862, which was caused by the most intense “Pineapple Express” storm ever observed in California. [9] The unprecedented flood was followed by two years of drought with half the average rainfall. The sun baked the earth, the grass shriveled, and the cattle died “as if they were poisoned.” Relentless wildfires followed in the summer of 1865 to top off the natural disaster trifecta. The sequential catastrophes put the final nails in the coffin of the Mexican cattle industry throughout California.
Castro started selling land in 1854, ultimately transferring a total of at least 1525 acres to thirteen people: In Castro Valley—Zachariah Hughes, William Mattox, Serril Corey and William Knox; in Hayward—William Hayward, George Brown; in Ashland—John Lewelling and Robert Farrelly; as well as S. W. Champlain, Matthias Jewett, Jesse Billings, Amelia Smith and Charles Whitmore. But it was far too little, too late.
The cumulative effect of these many tribulations, surely psychological as well as financial, compelled Castro to sell his rancho seven months later in February 1863. Alexander Grogan, Atherton’s long-time agent, paid $130,000 for the land, forgiving two loans Castro owed to Atherton and absorbing two loans to Castro’s attorney Robert Simson. A good estimate of the total cost of the purchase is $200,000, or $8 per acre. This was a private voluntary sale, not a dramatic foreclosure sale, as reported in other histories. [10] In October 1863, Castro filed a quit-claim deed, transferring any residual interest to land in California to Juan Castro, his eldest son, for “natural love and $5.” He declared his plan to leave for Buenos Aires in a December 1863 court deposition and said he would never come back to California, a promise he seemingly kept. He died in Mendoza, Argentina, from pneumonia in 1866, his wife Maria Luisa Peralta Castro passed away five years later. Having cleared $130,000, equal to millions of dollars in 2023, it is evident that Don Guillermo Castro left the United States as a relatively wealthy man. Most of the old California rancho grantees were less successful in profiting from their land grants.
Karma may have intervened on Castro’s behalf several generations later—Guillermo Castro’s great-great-grandson was the revolutionary leader Ernesto “Che” Guevara who helped Fidel Castro (no known relationship) lead the communist revolution in Cuba in 1958, to the great consternation of the same United States that drove Guillermo Castro into exile 95 years earlier. [11]
A contemporary, Jacob Harlan said of Castro, "Of the Spanish Californians that I have known, Guillermo Castro was the best. He was a sparse, wiry man with brown eyes and hair and was physically active and tough. He was a splendid horseman and he was very extravagant and spent his money freely." [8]
As previously stated, Castro Valley, California, is named for Guillermo Castro. At the edge of Castro Valley, only partially within the census designated place, is found Don Castro Regional Recreation Area. [12] The land for this park is owned by the Alameda County Flood and Water Conservation District, but the park is operated by the East Bay Regional Park District. The park was established in the late 1960s; the name was suggested by Hayward Historian Harry Bradford.
Hayward is a city located in Alameda County, California, United States, in the East Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area. With a population of 162,954 as of 2020, Hayward is the sixth largest city in the Bay Area, and the third largest in Alameda County. Hayward was ranked as the 34th most populous municipality in California. It is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose Metropolitan Statistical Area by the US Census. It is located primarily between Castro Valley, San Leandro and Union City, and lies at the eastern terminus of the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge. The city was devastated early in its history by the 1868 Hayward earthquake. From the early 20th century until the beginning of the 1980s, Hayward's economy was dominated by its now defunct food canning and salt production industries.
San Leandro is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area; between Oakland to the northwest, and Ashland, Castro Valley, and Hayward to the southeast. The population was 91,008 as of the 2020 census.
San Lorenzo is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area in Alameda County, California, United States. The population was 29,581 at the 2020 census. It is an unincorporated community, located at the banks of San Lorenzo Creek. It was originally named Squattersville in 1851, but later renamed to San Lorenzo.
Eden Township is a former township of Alameda County, California in the San Francisco Bay Area region, which includes the present-day cities of Hayward and San Leandro, as well as the unincorporated census-designated areas of Ashland, Castro Valley, Cherryland, Fairview, and San Lorenzo. It was created from a group of Mexican land grants that were added to Alameda County when the county was established in 1853. Today there are several public and private agencies serving the region.
Rancho San Antonio, also known as the Peralta Grant, was a 44,800-acre (181 km2) land grant by Governor Pablo Vicente de Solá, the last Spanish governor of California, to Don Luís María Peralta, a sergeant in the Spanish Army and later, commissioner of the Pueblo of San José, in recognition of his forty years of service. The grant, issued on August 3, 1820, embraced the sites of the cities of San Leandro, Oakland, Alameda, Emeryville, Piedmont, Berkeley, and Albany.
José María Estudillo was a Spanish-born Californio military officer and early settler of San Diego. He is the founder of the Estudillo family of California and served as Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego.
Hermenegildo Ignacio Peralta was a Spanish settler in California, the eldest son of Luís María Peralta.
Rancho San Lorenzo was a 26,722-acre (108.14 km2) Mexican land grant given in 1841 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Guillermo Castro a career soldier posted to the Pueblo of San José. The land grant included present day Hayward, San Lorenzo, and Castro Valley, including Crow Canyon, Cull Canyon, and Palomares Canyons.
The Estudillo family is a prominent Californio family of Southern California. Members of the family held extensive ranchos and numerous important positions, including California State Treasurer, Mayor of San Diego, and Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego.
José Joaquín Estudillo was a Californio statesman and ranchero who served as the 2nd Alcalde of San Francisco. A member of the prominent Estudillo family of California, he is also considered the founder of the city of San Leandro.
Rancho San Ramon was a 8,917-acre (36.09 km2) Mexican land grant in the northern San Ramon Valley of present-day Contra Costa County, California. Rancho San Ramon (Amador) was adjacent in the southern San Ramon Valley.
The Berryessa family is a prominent Californio family of Northern California. Members of the family held extensive rancho grants across the Bay Area during 18th and 19th centuries. Numerous places are named after the family, including the Berryessa district of San Jose and Lake Berryessa in Napa County.
Rancho Valle de San José was a 48,436-acre (196.01 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Alameda County, California. It was made up of the former pasture land belonging to Mission San José.
Rancho San Francisco de las Llagas was a 22,283-acre (90.18 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Santa Clara County, California given in 1834 by Governor José Figueroa to Carlos Antonio Castro. The grant extended along Llagas Creek from about one mile south of present-day Morgan Hill to about one mile north of Gilroy, and included present-day San Martin.
Rancho San Leandro was a 6,830-acre (27.6 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Alameda County, California given in 1842 by Governor Juan Alvarado to José Joaquín Estudillo. The grant extended along the east San Francisco Bay from San Leandro Creek south to San Lorenzo Creek, and encompassed present-day San Leandro.
Rancho San Luis Gonzaga was a 48,821-acre (197.57 km2) Mexican land grant in the Diablo Range, in present-day Santa Clara County and Merced County, California given in 1843 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Juan Carlos Pacheco and José Maria Mejía. The grant was bounded by Francisco Pérez Pachecos Rancho Ausaymas y San Felipe on the west, the San Joaquin River and San Joaquin Valley on the east, and Los Baños Creek on the south.
Rancho Laguna de la Merced was a 2,219-acre (8.98 km2) Mexican land grant, in present-day southwestern San Francisco and northwestern San Mateo County, California.
Rancho San Agustin was a 4,437-acre (17.96 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Santa Cruz County, California given in 1833 by Governor José Figueroa to José Antonio Bolcoff. The grant was bounded by the San Lorenzo River on the west and Rancho Carbonera on the south, and encompassed present-day Scotts Valley.
Rancho San Jacinto Viejo was a 35,503-acre (143.68 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County, California given in 1842 by Governor Pro-tem Manuel Jimeno to José Antonio Estudillo. At the time of the US Patent, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo was a part of San Diego County. The County of Riverside was created by the California Legislature in 1893 by taking land from both San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. The grant encompassed present-day Hemet and San Jacinto.
El Camino Viejo a Los Ángeles, also known as El Camino Viejo and the Old Los Angeles Trail, was the oldest north-south trail in the interior of Spanish colonial Las Californias (1769–1822) and Mexican Alta California (1822–1848), present day California. It became a well established inland route, and an alternative to the coastal El Camino Real trail used since the 1770s in the period.