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In the medicine field gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989. The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990.
A locus in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker. Each chromosome carries many genes; human's estimated 'haploid' protein coding genes are 19,000–20,000, on the 23 different chromosomes. A variant of the similar DNA sequence located at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a gene map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the locus for a particular biological trait.
Chromosome 4 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs and represents between 6 and 6.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.
Chromosome 11 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 11 spans about 135 million base pairs and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. The shorter arm is termed 11p while the longer arm is 11q. At about 21.5 genes per megabase, chromosome 11 is one of the most gene-rich, and disease-rich, chromosomes in the human genome.
In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing a paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members, a complete homeodomain. An octapeptide may also be present. Pax proteins are important in early animal development for the specification of specific tissues, as well as during epimorphic limb regeneration in animals capable of such.
Homeobox protein Hox-A11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA11 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD13 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA13 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD3 gene.
Homeobox A4, also known as HOXA4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HOXA4 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD11 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD12 gene.
Olfactory receptor 4C11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR4C11 gene.
Olfactory receptor 4D11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR4D11 gene.
Olfactory receptor 11H4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR11H4 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-C5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC5 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-C11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC11 gene.
Forkhead box protein D4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXD4 gene.
Transcription factor SOX-21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOX21 gene. It is a member of the Sox gene family of transcription factors.
Homeobox C12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC12 gene.
