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Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions among them. More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at extremely low cryogenic temperatures, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, the Bose–Einstein condensates found in ultracold atomic systems, and liquid crystals. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties, and by applying the physical laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and other physics theories to develop mathematical models and predict the properties of extremely large groups of atoms.
In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid. Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by several experiments using atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. The general conditions required for supersolidity to emerge in a certain substance are a topic of ongoing research.
Lene Vestergaard Hau is a Danish physicist and educator. She is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics at Harvard University.
A quantum fluid refers to any system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level such as superfluids, superconductors, ultracold atoms, etc. Typically, quantum fluids arise in situations where both quantum mechanical effects and quantum statistical effects are significant.
An optical lattice is formed by the interference of counter-propagating laser beams, creating a spatially periodic polarization pattern. The resulting periodic potential may trap neutral atoms via the Stark shift. Atoms are cooled and congregate at the potential extrema. The resulting arrangement of trapped atoms resembles a crystal lattice and can be used for quantum simulation.
David James Thouless was a British condensed-matter physicist. He was the winner of the 1990 Wolf Prize and a laureate of the 2016 Nobel Prize for physics along with F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.
In condensed matter physics, an ultracold atom is an atom with a temperature near absolute zero. At such temperatures, an atom's quantum-mechanical properties become important.
Frederick Duncan Michael Haldane, known as F. Duncan Haldane, is a British-born physicist who is currently the Sherman Fairchild University Professor of Physics at Princeton University. He is a co-recipient of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with David J. Thouless and J. Michael Kosterlitz.
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity. The theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists Lev Landau and Isaak Khalatnikov.
Immanuel Bloch is a German experimental physicist. His research is focused on the investigation of quantum many-body systems using ultracold atomic and molecular quantum gases. Bloch is known for his work on atoms in artificial crystals of light, optical lattices, especially the first realization of a quantum phase transition from a weakly interacting superfluid to a strongly interacting Mott insulating state of matter.
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Tilman Esslinger is a German experimental physicist. He is Professor at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and works in the field of ultracold quantum gases and optical lattices.
Krishnendu Sengupta, is a professor of theoretical physics in Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, India, who was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for science and technology, the highest science award in India, for the year 2012 in physical science category. Before joining IACS he was a research fellow in Harish Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad, and associate professor in Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata. He received his PhD from University of Maryland at College Park and MSc degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.
Maciej Lewenstein, is a Polish theoretical physicist, currently an ICREA professor at ICFO – The Institute of Photonic Sciences in Castelldefels near Barcelona. He is an author of over 480 scientific articles and 2 books, and recipient of many international and national prizes. In addition to quantum physics his other passion is music, and jazz in particular. His collection of compact discs and vinyl records includes over 9000 items.
Photonic topological insulators are artificial electromagnetic materials that support topologically non-trivial, unidirectional states of light. Photonic topological phases are classical electromagnetic wave analogues of electronic topological phases studied in condensed matter physics. Similar to their electronic counterparts, they, can provide robust unidirectional channels for light propagation.
In theoretical physics, the curvature renormalization group (CRG) method is an analytical approach to determine the phase boundaries and the critical behavior of topological systems. Topological phases are phases of matter that appear in certain quantum mechanical systems at zero temperature because of a robust degeneracy in the ground-state wave function. They are called topological because they can be described by different (discrete) values of a nonlocal topological invariant. This is to contrast with non-topological phases of matter that can be described by different values of a local order parameter. States with different values of the topological invariant cannot change into each other without a phase transition. The topological invariant is constructed from a curvature function that can be calculated from the bulk Hamiltonian of the system. At the phase transition, the curvature function diverges, and the topological invariant correspondingly jumps abruptly from one value to another. The CRG method works by detecting the divergence in the curvature function, and thus determining the boundaries between different topological phases. Furthermore, from the divergence of the curvature function, it extracts scaling laws that describe the critical behavior, i.e. how different quantities behave as the topological phase transition is approached. The CRG method has been successfully applied to a variety of static, periodically driven, weakly and strongly interacting systems to classify the nature of the corresponding topological phase transitions.
Päivi Törmä is a Finnish physics professor at Aalto University. She works in the fields of quantum many-body physics, superconductivity, and nanophotonics.
Monika Aidelsburger is a German quantum physicist, Professor and Group Leader at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Her research considers quantum simulation and ultra cold atomic gases trapped in optical lattices. In 2021, she was awarded both the Alfried-Krupp-Förderpreis and Klung Wilhelmy Science Award.
Silke Ospelkaus-Schwarzer is a German experimental physicist who studies ultra-cold molecular materials at the University of Hanover Institute of Quantum Optics. She was awarded a European Research Council Consolidator Award in 2022.
Alexander Szameit is a German physicist working in experimental solid-state optics.
References
- 1 2 "Malvern Alumnae Profiles | Malvern St James Girls' School". www.malvernstjames.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
- ↑ "Topological phenomena in ultracold atomic gases | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ↑ "Four-Dimensional Quantum Hall Effect with Ultracold Atoms - Theoretical Nanophysics - LMU Munich". www.theorie.physik.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
- ↑ "Professor Hannah Price". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
- ↑ "James Clerk Maxwell Medal and Prize recipients".
- ↑ "Early career researcher receives prestigious award". University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
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