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The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic,also called the Old Stone Age,is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools,and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins,c. 3.3 million years ago,to the end of the Pleistocene,c. 11,650 cal BP.
The Red "Lady" of Paviland is an Upper Paleolithic partial male skeleton dyed in red ochre and buried in Wales 33,000 BP. The bones were discovered in 1823 by William Buckland in an archaeological dig at Goat's Hole Cave which is a limestone cave between Port Eynon and Rhossili on the Gower Peninsula,near Swansea in south Wales. Buckland believed the skeleton was a Roman era female. Later,William Solace examined Goat's Cave Paviland in 1912. There,Solace found flint arrow heads and tools and correctly concluded that the skeleton was in fact a male hunter-gatherer or warrior during the last Ice Age. Over the last 100 years,more advanced dating procedures have shifted the age from the Mesolithic period to the Palaeolithic era of the last Ice Age.
The Creswellian is a British Upper Palaeolithic culture named after the type site of Creswell Crags in Derbyshire by Dorothy Garrod in 1926. It is also known as the British Late Magdalenian. According to Andreas Maier:"In current research,the Creswellian and Hamburgian are considered to be independent but closely related entities which are rooted in the Magdalenian." The Creswellian is dated between 13,000 and 11,800 BP and was followed by the most recent ice age,the Younger Dryas,when Britain was at times unoccupied by humans.
The Gravettian was an archaeological industry of the European Upper Paleolithic that succeeded the Aurignacian circa 33,000 years BP. It is archaeologically the last European culture many consider unified,and had mostly disappeared by c. 22,000 BP,close to the Last Glacial Maximum,although some elements lasted until c. 17,000 BP. In Spain and France,it was succeeded by the Solutrean,and developed into or continued as the Epigravettian in Italy,the Balkans,Ukraine and Russia.
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Ksar Akil is an archeological site 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Beirut in Lebanon. It is located about 800 m (2,600 ft) west of Antelias spring on the north bank of the northern tributary of the Wadi Antelias. It is a large rock shelter below a steep limestone cliff.
Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris is a British-born archaeologist and a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.
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Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser is a German archaeologist. She is a professor at the Johannes Gutenberg-University,Mainz and Director of the Monrepos Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for human behavioural Evolution of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum at Monrepos Castle in Neuwied,Germany.
Monrepos is an archaeological research centre and a museum of human behavioural evolution located at Schloss Monrepos in Neuwied. The development of our modern human behaviour in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic is studied at the research centre and the findings of these studies are conveyed to the public in the museum. Monrepos is one of the leading institutions for the research of early human history.
Paul Barry Pettitt,FSA is a British archaeologist and academic. He specialises in the Palaeolithic era,with particular focus on claims of art and burial practices of the Neanderthals and Pleistocene Homo sapiens,and methods of determining the age of artefacts from this time. Since 2013,he has been Professor of Archaeology at Durham University. He previously taught at Keble College,Oxford and the University of Sheffield.
A. Jennifer Price was an archaeologist and academic,specialising in the study of Roman glass. She was professor emerita in the department of archaeology at Durham University.
Caroline Rosa Wickham-Jones MA MSocSci FSA HonFSAScot MCIfA(25 April 1955 –13 January 2022) was a British archaeologist specialising in Stone Age Orkney. She was a lecturer at the University of Aberdeen until her retirement in 2015.
Anna Belfer-Cohen is an Israeli archaeologist and paleoanthropologist and Professor Emeritus at the Institute of Archaeology,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Belfer-Cohen excavated and studied many important prehistoric sites in Israel including Hayonim and Kebara Caves and open-air sites such as Nahal Ein Gev I and Nahal Neqarot. She has also worked for many years in the Republic of Georgia,where she made important contributions to the study of the Paleolithic sequence of the Caucasus following her work at the cave sites of Dzoudzuana,Kotias and Satsrublia. She is a specialist in biological Anthropology,prehistoric art,lithic technology,the Upper Paleolithic and modern humans,the Natufian-Neolithic interface and the transition to village life.
Hannah C. Cobb is an archaeologist at the University of Manchester,noted for her work on pedagogy,post-humanist theory,and diversity and equality in archaeology.
Kharaneh IV is an archaeological site in Jordan. The site contains evidence of human activity dating to the Late Pleistocene. Its main period of occupation was 18,900 to 16,600 BC.
Prehistoric religion is the religious practice of prehistoric cultures. Prehistory,the period before written records,makes up the bulk of human experience;over 99% of human experience occurred during the Paleolithic period alone. Prehistoric cultures spanned the globe and existed for over two and a half million years;their religious practices were many and varied,and the study of them is difficult due to the lack of written records describing the details of their faiths.
References
- 1 2 "Dr Hannah Russ". University of Wales Trinity Saint David. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ↑ Russ, H. A taphonomic approach to reconstructing Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer fishing strategies. A load of old trout! (Thesis). University of Bradford. hdl:10454/5528.
- ↑ "Who We Are: Dr. Hannah Russ". Cleveland Archaeology. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ↑ "21 FEBRUARY 2019 BALLOT RESULTS". Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
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