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The Tulsa race massacre, also known as the Tulsa race riot or the Black Wall Street massacre, was a two-day-long white supremacist terrorist massacre that took place between May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, some of whom had been appointed as deputies and armed by city government officials, attacked black residents and destroyed homes and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The event is considered one of the worst incidents of racial violence in American history. The attackers burned and destroyed more than 35 square blocks of the neighborhood—at the time, one of the wealthiest black communities in the United States, colloquially known as "Black Wall Street."
Greenwood is a historic freedom colony in Tulsa, Oklahoma. As one of the most prominent concentrations of African-American businesses in the United States during the early 20th century, it was popularly known as America's "Black Wall Street". It was burned to the ground in the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, in which a local white mob gathered and attacked the area. Between 75 and 300 Black Americans were killed, hundreds more were injured, and the homes of 5000 were destroyed, leaving them homeless. The massacre was one of the largest in the history of U.S. race relations, destroying the once-thriving Greenwood community.
John Hope Franklin was an American historian of the United States and former president of Phi Beta Kappa, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Southern Historical Association. Franklin is best known for his work From Slavery to Freedom, first published in 1947, and continually updated. More than three million copies have been sold. In 1995, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.
Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher was a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Oklahoma. She applied for admission into the University of Oklahoma law school in order to challenge the state's segregation laws and to become a lawyer.
Dick Rowland or Roland was an African American teenage shoeshiner whose arrest for assault in May 1921 was the impetus for the Tulsa race massacre. Rowland was 19 years old at the time. The alleged victim of the assault was a white 21-year-old elevator operator Sarah Page. She later declined to advocate for and/or assist any prosecution after the race riots. According to conflicting reports, the arrest was prompted after Rowland tripped in Page's elevator on his way to a segregated bathroom, and a white store clerk reported the incident as an "assault" or a rape.
The Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, is a non-profit organization that honors jazz, blues and gospel musicians in the state of Oklahoma. Housed in the former Tulsa Union Depot, which it now calls the Jazz Depot, the Hall of Fame is a music venue that hosts regular jazz performances. It is also a museum, displaying photographs, biographical information, artifacts, and memorabilia from musicians such as Chet Baker, Earl Bostic, Don Cherry, Charlie Christian, Tommy Crook, Pat Kelley, Barney Kessel and Jimmy Rushing.
Richard Lloyd Jones was an American journalist who was the long-time editor and publisher of the now defunct Tulsa Tribune. He was noted for his controversial positions on political issues. The son of a notable Unitarian missionary, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, he was a co-founder of All Souls Unitarian Universalist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
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Quraysh Ali Lansana is an American poet, book editor, civil rights historian, and professor. He has authored 20 books in poetry, nonfiction and children’s literature. In 2022, he was a Tulsa Artist Fellow and Director of the Center for Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation at Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, where he was also Lecturer in Africana Studies and English. Lansana is also credited as creator and executive producer of "Focus: Black Oklahoma," a monthly radio program on the public radio station KOSU.
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The Oklahoma Eagle is a Tulsa-based Black-owned newspaper published by James O. Goodwin. Established in 1922, it has been called the voice of Black Tulsa and is a successor to the Tulsa Star newspaper, which burned in the 1921 Tulsa race massacre. The Oklahoma Eagle publishes news about the Black community and reported on the 1921 Tulsa race massacre at a time when many white-owned newspapers in Tulsa refused to acknowledge it. TheOklahoma Eagle is also Oklahoma's longest-running Black-owned newspaper. The Oklahoma Eagle serves a print subscriber base throughout six Northeastern Oklahoma counties, statewide, in 36 U.S. states and territories, and abroad. It claims that it is the tenth oldest Black-owned newspaper in the United States still publishing today.
A.C. Jackson was an African American surgeon who was murdered during the Tulsa race massacre in 1921 and is known as the most prominent victim of the massacre. Jackson was a leading member of the Oklahoma medical community and the African-American community in Tulsa, Oklahoma until his death.
Fire in Little Africa is a music and multimedia project coinciding with the 100-year anniversary of the Tulsa Race Massacre. The project is made up of more than fifty rappers, singers, producers, and creatives based in the state of Oklahoma and was partially recorded in Tulsa's Skyline Mansion, a former home to Tulsa Ku Klux Klan leader W. Tate Brady. Along with a hip-hop album, the project is also producing a series of podcasts anticipating the release and a documentary on the creation of the project to be released after the album.
African Americans in Oklahoma or Black Oklahomans are residents of the state of Oklahoma who are of African American ancestry. African Americans have a rich history in Oklahoma. An estimated 7.8% of Oklahomans are Black as of the 2020 census, constituting 289,961 individuals.
Andrew Jackson Smitherman was an American lawyer, journalist, and civil rights activist.
Viola Fletcher, also known as Mother Fletcher, is the oldest known living survivor of the Tulsa race massacre and a supercentenarian. One hundred years after the massacre, she testified before Congress about the need for reparations.
Buck Colbert Franklin was an African American lawyer best known for defending survivors of the 1921 Tulsa race massacre.
The Black Wall Street Times is an African-American newspaper founded in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 2017. It is named after the Greenwood District, Tulsa, which is also known as Black Wall Street.
Stephon Simon, better known by his stage name Steph Simon, is an American hip hop artist, festival director, and educator from Tulsa, Oklahoma.
References
- ↑ "Johnson, Hannibal B." digitalprairie.ok.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- 1 2 3 "Hannibal B. Johnson, Class of 2021 | Oklahoma Hall of Fame". www.oklahomahof.com. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ "Hannibal B. Johnson". Tulsa Historical Society & Museum. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ "Greenwood District | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ World, Tim Stanley Tulsa (2020-02-08). "Black History Month: Hannibal B. Johnson is an authority on Tulsa Race Massacre". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
- ↑ Rouillard, Richard. "Book gives needed in-depth education on Tulsa Race Massacre". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
- ↑ World, James D. Watts Jr Tulsa (2024-02-23). "'Shared humanity' is key to social justice, says Tulsa author Hannibal Johnson in book". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
- ↑ Johnson, Hannibal B. (2021-12-09). "Oklahoma Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony on November 18, 2021". Hannibal B. Johnson. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ 400 Years of the African American History Commission. (2024). 400YAAHC Newsletter, Vol. 1, Winter 2024. https://www.400yaahc.gov/files/2024/03/400YAAHC_Newsletter_VOL1_WINTER2024.pdf#page=8. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ "The Centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre | Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art". crystalbridges.org. 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
- ↑ "Greenwood Rising | About". GREENWOOD RISING. Retrieved 2025-01-26.