Bush v. Gore,531 U.S. 98 (2000),was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court on December 12,2000,that settled a recount dispute in Florida's 2000 presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore. On December 8,the Florida Supreme Court had ordered a statewide recount of all undervotes,over 61,000 ballots that the vote tabulation machines had missed. The Bush campaign immediately asked the U.S. Supreme Court to stay the decision and halt the recount. Justice Antonin Scalia,contending that all the manual recounts being performed in Florida's counties were illegitimate,urged his colleagues to grant the stay immediately. On December 9,the five conservative justices on the Court granted the stay,with Scalia citing "irreparable harm" that could befall Bush,as the recounts would cast "a needless and unjustified cloud" over Bush's legitimacy. In dissent,Justice John Paul Stevens wrote that "counting every legally cast vote cannot constitute irreparable harm." Oral arguments were scheduled for December 11.
Lawton Mainor Chiles Jr. was an American politician and military officer. A member of the Democratic Party,he served as a United States senator from Florida from 1971 to 1989 and as the 41st governor of Florida from 1991 until his death in 1998.
Richard Joseph Hughes was an American lawyer,politician,and judge. A Democrat,he served as the 45th governor of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970,and as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1973 to 1979. Hughes is the only person to have served New Jersey as both governor and chief justice. Hughes was also the first Roman Catholic governor in New Jersey's history.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey is the highest court in the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form,the Supreme Court of New Jersey is the final judicial authority on all cases in the state court system,including cases challenging the validity of state laws under the state constitution. It has the sole authority to prescribe and amend court rules and regulate the practice of law,and it is the arbiter and overseer of the decennial legislative redistricting. One of its former members,William J. Brennan Jr.,became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
The district courts of appeal (DCAs) are the intermediate appellate courts of the Florida state court system. There are currently six DCAs:
The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court in the U.S. state of Florida. It consists of seven justices—one of whom serves as Chief Justice. Six members are chosen from six districts around the state to foster geographic diversity,and one is selected at large.
The Constitution of the State of Florida is the document that establishes and describes the powers,duties,structure,and function of the government of the U.S. state of Florida,and establishes the basic law of the state. The current Constitution of Florida was ratified on November 5,1968.
The government of Florida is established and operated according to the Constitution of Florida and is composed of three branches of government:the executive branch consisting of the governor of Florida and the other elected and appointed constitutional officers;the legislative branch,the Florida Legislature,consisting of the Senate and House;and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of Florida and lower courts. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative,referendum,and ratification.
Rosemary Barkett is a Mexican-American judge of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal located in The Hague,Netherlands since 2013. Previously,she served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Prior to her nomination for that post,she was chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court.
The Utah Supreme Court is the supreme court of the state of Utah,United States. It has final authority of interpretation of the Utah Constitution. The Utah Supreme Court is composed of five members:a chief justice,an associate chief justice,and three other justices. All justices are appointed by the governor of Utah,with confirmation by the Utah Senate. The five justices elect one of their own to serve as chief justice and another to serve as associate chief justice,each for a term of four years.
The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma,the other being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.
Jorge Labarga is a justice of the Florida Supreme Court,taking office on January 6,2009. On June 30,2014,he was sworn in as Florida's 56th Chief Justice and the first Cuban-American to hold the post. He was succeeded on July 1,2018,by Charles T. Canady.
In the United States,term limits restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may serve. At the federal level,the president of the United States can serve a maximum of two four-year terms,limited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Some state government offices are also term-limited,including executive,legislative,and judicial offices.
The Government of Delaware encompasses the administrative structure of the US state of Delaware as established by its 1897 constitution. Analogously to the US federal government,it is composed of three branches:executive,legislative,and judicial. The Governor is head of the executive,the General Assembly is the legislature,and the Supreme Court is the highest court. The state is also organized into counties,municipalities,school districts,and special districts.
The government of the U.S. state of Kansas,established by the Kansas Constitution,is a republican democracy modeled after the Federal Government of the United States. The state government has three branches:the executive,the legislative,and the judicial. Through a system of separation of powers,or "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own,and also some authority to regulate the other two branches,so that all three branches can limit and balance the others' authority.
George Pettus Raney was an American attorney and politician who served as the 9th Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is governed by a set of political tenets laid down in its state constitution. Legislative power is held by the bicameral General Court,which is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The governor exercises executive power with other independently elected officers:the Attorney General,Secretary of the Commonwealth,and Auditor. The state's judicial power rests in the Supreme Judicial Court,which manages its court system. Cities and towns act through local governmental bodies to the extent that they are authorized by the Commonwealth on local issues,including limited home-rule authority. Although most county governments were abolished during the 1990s and 2000s,a handful remain.
Thomas Todd was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1807 to 1826. Raised in the Colony of Virginia,he studied law and later participated in the founding of Kentucky,where he served as a clerk,judge,and justice. He was married twice and had a total of eight children. Todd joined the U.S. Supreme Court in 1807 and his handful of legal opinions there mostly concerned land claims. He was labeled the most insignificant U.S. Supreme Court justice by Frank H. Easterbrook in The Most Insignificant Justice:Further Evidence,50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 481 (1983).
The Supreme Court of Mississippi is the highest court in the state of Mississippi. It was established in 1818 per the terms of the first constitution of the state and was known as the High Court of Errors and Appeals from 1832 to 1869. The court is an appellate court. The court consists of nine justices elected in nonpartisan contests from three districts to serve eight-year terms. The most senior justice serves as the chief justice. It is housed in the Carroll Gartin Justice Building in Jackson,Mississippi,the state capital.
Judicial independence is protected by Singapore's Constitution,statutes such as the State Courts Act and Supreme Court of Judicature Act,and the common law. Independence of the judiciary is the principle that the judiciary should be separated from legislative and executive power,and shielded from inappropriate pressure from these branches of government,and from private or partisan interests. It is crucial as it serves as a foundation for the rule of law and democracy.
