Hawise, Countess of Aumale

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Hawise, Countess of Aumale (c. 1160 - 11 March 1214) was ruling Countess of Aumale, ( suo jure ) from 1179 until 1194, with her husbands. She was an heiress of the highest social standing and the greatest financial holdings, [1] and became Countess of Essex by her marriage to William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex.

Contents

Early life

Hawise was the daughter and sole heiress of William le Gros, Count of Aumale and his wife Cicely, daughter and co-heiress of the William fitz Duncan, son of Duncan II of Scotland. Hawise was therefore the great-granddaughter of the King of Alba.

She was named after her paternal grandmother, Hawise de Mortimer, daughter of Ranulph de Mortimer. [1]

First marriage

Hawise was Countess in her own right ( suo jure ) when she married, on 14 January 1180, to William, Earl of Essex. On his death late in 1189 the widowed Hawise was described by the monk and chronicler Richard of Devizes as "a woman who was almost a man, lacking nothing virile except the virile organs." [2] [3] In addition to her inherited lands in Normandy and England (which included the Honour of Holderness, in the eastern part of Yorkshire), Hawise received in dower one-third of the substantial Mandeville estates, making her a wealthy widow with powerful connections.

There were no children from the marriage, "raising concern about the succession to both the earldom of Essex and the patrimony of Aumale". [4] After a widowhood of less than a year, Hawise remarried. [1]

Second marriage

Her second husband was William de Forz (or in Latin de Fortibus) of Oleron. He was a landless Poitevin knight and naval commander, but was one of the loyal commanders in the crusading fleet of King Richard I. [1] Hawise protested against the match, [4] which is said to have been forced on her by the king. [5] The countess gave birth to a son and heir, also called William. [6] Her second husband died in 1195 and Hawise became "her son's adviser and stalwart supporter." [7]

Issue

Third marriage

King Richard gave her in marriage to Baldwin de Béthune, his companion on crusade and in captivity. Baldwin had previously served King Henry II as ambassador to the count of Flanders in 1178. The following year, in 1179, he and Earl William de Mandeville escorted King Philip Augustus to visit the tomb of newly canonized Archbishop Thomas Becket in Canterbury, [8] and attended the election of Otto IV, as Holy Roman Emperor. [1] King Henry had promised Baldwin marriage to a certain rich heiress, but King Richard had chosen to give that heiress in marriage to another. Now Richard fulfilled his father's promise with an even wealthier heiress, but their enjoyment of her Aumale lands in Normandy was short-lived. King Philip Augustus took Aumale in August 1196 and it remained in the hands of the French king thereafter. [9] Baldwin died in October 1212. [10]

Later life

When King John proposed a fourth husband, Hawise declined. She paid 5,000 marks for her inheritance, her dower lands, and "that she be not distrained to marry". By September 1213 she had paid £1,000 of that fine. [5]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Klos, Dawn Adelaide (2023). Bias-cut justice: the legal pursuits of Isolde Pantulf, Hawise, Countess of Aumale, and Nicholaa de la Haye c. 1180-1216 (Masters thesis). Trinity College Dublin. School of Histories & Humanities. Discipline of History. hdl:2262/102925.
  2. ↑ Richard of Devizes, Chronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi I regis Angliæ, ed. J. Stevenson (London: 1838). p. 10.
  3. ↑ Jones, Dan (29 October 2020). In the Reign of King John: A Year in the Life of Plantagenet England. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-80024-064-3.
  4. 1 2 Harper-Bill, Christopher (1995). Anglo-Norman Studies XVII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1994. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 94–95. ISBN   978-0-85115-606-4.
  5. 1 2 Stenton, Doris Mary (1957). The English Woman in History. George Allen and Unwin. p. 36.
  6. ↑ Ricketts, Philadelphia (24 September 2010). High-Ranking Widows in Medieval Iceland and Yorkshire: Property, Power, Marriage and Identity in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. BRILL. p. 214. ISBN   978-90-04-18947-8.
  7. ↑ Wilkinson, Louise J. (21 October 2016), Jobson, Adrian (ed.), "Reformers and Royalists: Aristocratic Women in Politics, 1258–1267", Baronial Reform and Revolution in England, 1258-1267 (1 ed.), Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 152–166, doi:10.1017/9781782048992.011, ISBN   978-1-78204-899-2 , retrieved 25 November 2024
  8. ↑ English, Barbara, The lords of Holderness, 1086-1260: a study in feudal society (Oxford: 1979), p. 33.
  9. ↑ Turner, R.V., and R.R. Heiser, The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire, 1189-1199 (New York: 2000), p. 172
  10. ↑ Hickey, Julia A. (2 December 2022). Medieval Royal Mistresses: Mischievous Women who Slept with Kings and Princes. Pen and Sword History. p. 101. ISBN   978-1-3990-8197-9.
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