Hejaz rebellion

Last updated

The Hejaz rebellion took place in the then Ottoman Province of Hejaz between 1854 and 1856. It was a reaction toward Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula. It was triggered by an anti-slavery edict that contradicted religious law, but also a political conflict between Ottoman rule and the local sharifs of Mecca. It ultimately ended with Ottoman victory.

Contents

Background

The Firman of 1854 was one of the causes of the Hejaz rebellion of 1855–1856. In 1854, the Ottoman Empire banned the trade in white women after pressure from Great Britain and France. [1] The Ottoman Arabian Province of Hijaz was in a situation of strong tension in 1854. In June that year had tensions had erupted in fighting before it was nominally suppressed in the end of 1854. [2]

Abdulmuttalib Efendi, emir of Mecca, was in a conflict with the Ottoman Governor of Jeddah, Kamil Pasha. [3] Abdulmuttalib gathered support by asking the notables of Jeddah to write a letter of 1 April 1855 to the sharif and ulema of Mecca, where they condemned the Firman as concession to Europeans, since it authorized the Ottoman governors to ban slave trade, permitted non-Muslims to erect edifices in the Arab Peninsula, allow non-Muslim men to marry Muslim women and prohibited the interference in women's dress, and the notables of Jeddah petitioned the emir to petition the Sultan. [4]

Events

In August 1855 the Sultan ordered the deposition of Abdulmuttalib Efendi if necessary. [5] Governor Kamil Pasha ordered the publc reading of the firman in the province, resulting in the ulema of condemning it as contrary to sharia. [6] However, open rebellion broke out with rioting in Mecca and Jeddah and attacks on houses belonging to French and British protegees. [7] On 15 November 1855 Abdulmuttalib Efendi was deposed and replaced by sharif Muhammed ibn Avn. [8] Abdulmuttalib Efendi refused to accept the deposition and gathered support among the desert Arab bedouin chiefs (urban), resulting in an urban army of 600-700 soldiers attacking the Ottoman troops in Bahre, and then again with a force of 2000 soldiers; both times without success, but with riots in Mecca and Jeddah. [9]

On 11 January 1856 Seyhülislam Arif Efendi ruled that the firman did not violate sharia to the dignitaries of Mecca, [10] and that while it did prohibit the slave trade it did not prohibit slavery itself and did not threaten the slavowners possession of their human property. [11]

End and aftermath

The rebellion was ended by the capture of Abdulmuttalib Efendi in 1856. When the Firman of 1857 against trade in African slaves was introduced, Hijaz was again disturbed by violent oposition, which caused the Hijaz Province to be excluded from obeying the law. [12] However the tensions continued and resulted in the Jeddah massacre of 1858. [13] Ottoman rule was not fully restored in the province until 1869.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1855</span> Calendar year

1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1855th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 855th year of the 2nd millennium, the 55th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1855, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Habesh Eyalet</span> Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1554 to 1872

Habesh Eyalet was an Ottoman eyalet. It was also known as the Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh, as Jeddah was its chief town, and Habesh and Hejaz. It extended on the areas of coastal Hejaz and Northeast Africa of Eritrea that border the Red Sea basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet comprised Suakin and their hinterlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Mecca (1916)</span> Part of World War 1

The Battle of Mecca occurred in the Muslim holy city of Mecca in June and July 1916. On June 10, the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, the leader of the Banu Hashim clan, started a revolt against the Ottoman Caliphate from this city. The Battle of Mecca was part of the Arab Revolt of World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</span> Human enslavement in the Ottoman economy and society

Slavery was a major institution and a significant part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and traditional society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Oltenița</span> 1853 battle of the Crimean War

The Battle of Oltenița was fought on 4 November 1853 and was the first engagement of the Crimean War. In this battle an Ottoman army under the command of Omar Pasha was defending its fortified positions from the Russian forces led by General Peter Dannenberg, until the Russians were ordered to withdraw. The Russian attack was called off just when they reached the Ottoman fortifications, and they retreated in good order, but suffered heavy losses. The Ottomans held their positions, but did not pursue the enemy, and later retreated to the other side of Danube.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Silistria</span> 1854 battle of the Crimean War

The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, took place during the Crimean War, from 11 May to 23 June 1854, when Russian forces besieged the Ottoman fortress of Silistria. Sustained Ottoman resistance had allowed French and British troops to build up a significant army in nearby Varna. Under additional pressure from Austria, the Russian command, which was about to launch a final assault on the fortress town, was ordered to lift the siege and retreat from the area, thus ending the Danubian phase of the Crimean War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sharifate of Mecca</span> 967–1916 state in the Arabian Peninsula

The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca. A sharif is a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson. In Western sources, the prince of Mecca was known as Grand Sherif, but Arabs have always used the appellation "Emir".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mehmet Vasıf Pasha Gürcü</span>

Mehmet Vasıf Pasha Gürcü was an Ottoman field marshal and administrator of ethnic Georgian background.

The Ghamd is an Azd Arab tribe of the Hejaz Region. They are predominantly Sunni, and are considered one of the oldest tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The Ghamid people are thought to be closely related to the neighboring tribe of Zahran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hejaz vilayet</span> Province of the Ottoman Empire from 1872 to 1916

The Vilayet of the Hejaz refers to the Hejaz region of Arabia when it was administered as a first-level province (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 96,500 square miles (250,000 km2). The Hejaz included all land from the southern border of the Vilayet of Syria, south of the city of Ma‛an, to the northern border of the Vilayet of Yemen, north of the city of Al Lith.

The Saudi conquest of Hejaz or the Second Saudi-Hashemite War, also known as the Hejaz-Nejd War, was a campaign by Abdulaziz al-Saud of the Saudi Sultanate of Nejd to take over the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz in 1924–25, ending with conquest and incorporation of Hejaz into the Saudi domain.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Arabia</span> Ottoman rule in Arabia (1517–1918)

The Ottoman era in the history of Arabia lasted from 1517 to 1918. The Ottoman degree of control over these lands varied over these four centuries, with the fluctuating strength or weakness of the Empire's central authority.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Awn ar-Rafiq</span> Sharif and Emir of Mecca

‘Awn al-Rafīq Pāshā ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mu‘īn ibn Awn, also known as Awn al-Rafiq ibn Muhammad ibn Awn, was a member of the Awn clan of sharifs who served as Emir and Sharif of Mecca from 1882 to 1905.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeddah massacre of 1858</span> 1858 massacre

The Jeddah massacre of 1858 as a massacre that took place in Jeddah in the then Ottoman Province of Hejaz on 15 June 1858. The massacre targeted Christians and resulted in the death of 21 people.

The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880 also known as Anglo-Ottoman Convention for the suppression of the African traffic and Anglo–Ottoman Convention for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, was a treaty between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire from 1880. The Convention addressed the slave trade of the Ottoman Empire, specifically the Red Sea slave trade of Africans across the Red Sea toward the Ottoman province of Hejaz.

The Firman of 1854, sometimes called the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade, refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued by Sultan Abdülmecid I in October 1854, prohibiting the slave trade in Circassian and Georgian slaves to the Ottoman Empire. It was specifically directed toward the Circassian slave trade in slave girls from the Caucasus, for sexual slavery as concubines in Ottoman harems. It did not ban slavery as such, only the trade in slaves. The decree was only enforced for four years, and retracted in 1858.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Firman of 1830</span>

The Firman of 1830 refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued by Sultan Mahmud II in 1830. It declared the official liberation of Christian slaves of the Ottoman Empire. In practice it concerned the liberation of the Greek war captives who had been enslaved during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829).

The Firman of 1857, also referred to as the Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade, refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued by Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1857.

References

  1. ↑ Toledano, Ehud R. (1998). Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. University of Washington Press. p. 31-32
  2. ↑ Kholaif, A. I. (1986). The Hijaz Vilayet 1869-1908: The Sharifate, the Hajj, and the Bedouins of the Hijaz. (n.p.): University of Wisconsin--Madison.
  3. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p356
  4. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p356
  5. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p356
  6. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
  7. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
  8. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
  9. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
  10. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
  11. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p358
  12. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press.17
  13. ↑ Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p358
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.