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The Taliban,which also refers to itself by its state name,the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist and Pashtun nationalist militant political movement in Afghanistan. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001,before being overthrown following the American invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 following the departure of most coalition forces,after nearly 20 years of insurgency,and currently controls all of the country,however its government is not recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan,including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
The treatment of women by the Taliban refers to actions and policies by various Taliban regimes which are either specific or highly commented upon,mostly due to discrimination,since they first took control in 1996. During their first rule of Afghanistan (1996–2001),the Taliban were notorious internationally for their misogyny and violence against women. Since 1996,women were mandated to wear the burqa at all times in public. In a systematic segregation sometimes referred to as gender apartheid,women were not allowed to work,nor were they allowed to be educated after the age of eight. Women seeking an education were forced to attend underground schools,where they and their teachers risked execution if caught. They were not allowed to be treated by male doctors unless accompanied by a male chaperone,which led to illnesses remaining untreated. They faced public flogging and execution for violations of the Taliban's laws. The Taliban allowed,and in some cases encouraged,marriage for girls under the age of 16. Amnesty International reported that 80 per cent of Afghan marriages were forced.
Panjshir is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan,located in the northeastern part of the country containing the Panjshir Valley. The province is divided into seven districts and contains 512 villages. As of 2021,the population of Panjshir province was about 173,000. Bazarak serves as the provincial capital.
The prime minister of Afghanistan,officially the prime minister of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,is the head of government of Afghanistan.
The Cabinet of Afghanistan is the executive body of the government of Afghanistan,responsible for day-to-day governance and the implementation of policy set by the Leadership. It is headed by the prime minister—who serves as the nation's head of government—and his deputies,and consists of the heads and deputy heads of the government ministries.
Education in Afghanistan includes K–12 and higher education,which is under the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education. In 2021,there were nearly 10 million students and 220,000 teachers in Afghanistan. The nation still requires more schools and teachers. Soon after the Taliban takeover of the country in August 2021,they banned girls from secondary education. Some provinces still allow secondary education for girls despite the ban. In December 2022,the Taliban government also prohibited university education and primary education for females in Afghanistan,sparking protests and international condemnation.
Women's rights in Afghanistan have oscillated back and forth depending on the time period. After King Amanullah Khan's attempts to modernize the country in the 1920s,women officially gained equality under the 1964 Constitution. However,these rights were taken away in the 1990s through different temporary rulers such as the mujahideen and the Taliban during the Afghan civil war. During the first Taliban regime (1996–2001),women had very little to no freedom,specifically in terms of civil liberties. When the Taliban was overthrown by the United States following the 9/11 attacks,women's rights gradually improved under the presidential Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Women were de jure equal to men under the 2004 Constitution.
Zabihullah Mujahid is an Afghan official Central spokesman for the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since 25 October 2021 and Deputy Ministry of Information and Culture since 7 September 2021. He has long served as one of several spokesmen for the Taliban,the others being Suhail Shaheen and Yousef Ahmadi. Mujahid often commented mainly on the Taliban's activities in eastern,northern,and central Afghanistan,while Ahmadi focused on the western and southern regions. In addition to being the government's main spokesman,Mujahid serves as a personal spokesman for Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada.
Hibatullah Akhundzada,also spelled Haibatullah Akhunzada,is an Afghan Deobandi Islamic scholar,cleric,and jurist who is the supreme leader of Afghanistan. He has led the Taliban since 2016,and came to power with its victory over U.S.-backed forces in the 2001–2021 war. A highly reclusive figure,he has almost no digital footprint except for an unverified photograph and several audio recordings of speeches.
Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob Mujahid is an Afghan warlord and cleric who is the second deputy leader of Afghanistan and the acting defense minister. He has been a deputy leader of the Taliban since 2016,and was additionally appointed to his ministerial role after the Taliban's victory over Western-backed forces in the 2001–2021 war. He has been the Taliban's military chief since 2020.
Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai is a senior member of the Afghan Taliban and the country's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs since 7 September 2021.
Abdul Salam Hanafi is an Afghan Uzbek political and Deobandi-Islamic religious leader who is a senior leader of the Taliban,an acting second deputy prime minister,alongside Abdul Ghani Baradar and Abdul Kabir,of Afghanistan since 2021,and was a central member of the negotiation team in the Qatar office. He has also served as deputy minister of education in the Taliban government from 1996-2001. After the Taliban government collapse in 2001,following the United States invasion of Afghanistan,Hanafi was appointed by the Taliban leadership as a top general to oversee the Taliban’s military activities in Jowzjan Province,Northern Afghanistan from May 2007 until sometime in 2008.
Amir Khan Muttaqi is an Afghan Taliban politician serving as acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since 7 September 2021. He was also a member of the negotiation team in the Qatar office.
On 15 August 2021,Afghanistan's capital city of Kabul was captured by the Taliban after a major insurgent offensive that began in May 2021. It was the final action of the War in Afghanistan,and marked a total victory for the Taliban. This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban.
Protests in Afghanistan against the Taliban started on 17 August 2021 following the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban. These protests are held by Islamic democrats and feminists. Both groups are against the treatment of women by the Taliban government,considering it as discriminatory and misogynistic. Supported by the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan,the protesters also demand decentralization,multiculturalism,social justice,work,education,and food. There have been pro-Taliban counterprotests.
The Taliban has ruled Afghanistan as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since taking control by force in 2021,overthrowing the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The takeover was widely criticized by the international community,and no countries have extended diplomatic recognition to the new regime,despite nominally maintaining relations with Afghanistan. The Taliban has aggressively campaigned for international recognition since the takeover. Several countries have vowed never to recognize the Islamic Emirate,and others have said they will do so only if human rights in the country are respected. Some countries have accredited Taliban diplomats at the chargéd'affaires level despite not recognizing the Islamic Emirate.
The politics of Afghanistan are based on a totalitarian emirate within the Islamic theocracy in which the Taliban Movement holds a monopoly on power. Dissent is not permitted,and politics are mostly limited to internal Taliban policy debates and power struggles. As the government is provisional,there is no constitution or other basis for the rule of law. The structure is autocratic,with all power concentrated in the hands of the supreme leader and his clerical advisors.
Mullah Neda Mohammad Nadeem is an Afghan politician,member of the Taliban and current Minister of Higher Education since October 2022. Previously,he held a position as Police Chief of the Nangarhar province since September 2021. Neda Mohammad also served as Governor of Nangarhar province from August 2021 to 20 September 2021 and was replaced by Daud Muzamil.
The government of Afghanistan,officially called the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,is the central government of Afghanistan,a unitary state. Under the leadership of the Taliban,the government is a theocracy and an emirate with political power concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader and his clerical advisors,collectively referred to as the Leadership. The Leadership makes all major policy decisions behind closed doors,which are then implemented by the country's civil service and judiciary. As Afghanistan is an Islamic state,governance is based on Sharia,which the Taliban enforces strictly through extensive social and cultural policy.
References
- ↑ "Taliban appoints head of central bank, minister of education". 24 August 2021.
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