Related Research Articles
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host–pathogen interface.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13 and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10. The receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles.
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. Superantigens act by binding to the MHC proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and to the TCRs on their adjacent helper T-cells, bringing the signaling molecules together, and thus leading to the activation of the T-cells, regardless of the peptide displayed on the MHC molecule. SAgs are produced by some pathogenic viruses and bacteria most likely as a defense mechanism against the immune system. Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where 0.0001-0.001% of the body's T-cells are activated, these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body's T-cells. Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens.
The Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities is an independent public institution, located in Munich. It appoints scholars whose research has contributed considerably to the increase of knowledge within their subject. The general goal of the academy is the promotion of interdisciplinary encounters and contacts and the cooperation of representatives of different subjects.
Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr. (1943–2003) was an American immunologist who helped create the modern field of innate immunity. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he held a faculty position at Yale University's Medical School and was an Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
Gerald Domingue is an American medical researcher and academic who served as Professor of Urology, Microbiology and Immunology in the Tulane University School of Medicine and Graduate School for thirty years and also as Director of Research in Urology. He is currently retired and resides in Zürich, Switzerland, where he is engaged in painting and creative writing. At retirement he was honored with the title of Professor Emeritus at Tulane (1967–1997). Prior to Tulane, he was faculty of Saint Louis University School of Medicine); was a lecturer at Washington University School of Dentistry and director of clinical microbiology in St. Louis City Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.
Stefan Hugo Ernst Kaufmann is a German immunologist and microbiologist and is one of the highly cited immunologists worldwide for the decade 1990 to 2000. He is amongst the 0.01% most cited scientists of c. 7 million scientists in 22 major scientific fields globally.
Gunther Hartmann is a German immunologist and clinical pharmacologist. Since 2007 he has been the Director of the Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology at the University Hospital of the University of Bonn.
Otto Kandler was a German botanist and microbiologist. Until his retirement in 1986 he was professor of botany at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Johann Georg von Lori was a Bavarian high official, lawyer and historian. He was the driving force behind the foundation of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in 1759.
Franz Töpsl was an Augustinian Canon Regular, provost of Polling Abbey, historian and librarian.
Horst Kessler is a German chemist and emeritus Professor of Excellence at the Institute for Advanced Study at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). Kessler works in the area of bioorganic chemistry, in particular peptide synthesis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. He also made contributions to magnetic resonance imaging.
Georg Aumann, was a German mathematician. He was known for his work in general topology and regulated functions. During World War II, he worked as part of a group of five mathematicians, recruited by Wilhelm Fenner, and which included Ernst Witt, Alexander Aigner, Oswald Teichmueller and Johann Friedrich Schultze, and led by Wolfgang Franz, to form the backbone of the new mathematical research department in the late 1930s, which would eventually be called: Section IVc of Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht. He also worked as a cryptanalyst, on the initial breaking of the most difficult cyphers. He also researched and developed cryptography theory.
Regine Kahmann is a German microbiologist and was Director at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg from 2000 to 2019. She was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMRS) in 2020.
Tim Dominik Sparwasser is a German physician, microbiologist and infection immunologist. In 2018, he became director of the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene (IMMH) in Mainz.
The TUM School of Life Sciences is a school of the Technical University of Munich, located at its Weihenstephan campus in Freising. It encompasses the life sciences, in particular biology, agricultural science, food technology, landscape architecture, biotechnology, and nutrition.
Arturo Zychlinsky is a biologist and since 2001 director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology. His research focuses on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) which he discovered together with Volker Brinkmann, and the immune function of chromatin.
Wolfgang P. Baumeister is a German molecular biologist and biophysicist. His research has been pivotal in the development of Cryoelectron tomography.
Roman Dziarski is a Polish-born American immunologist and microbiologist. He is best known for his research on innate immunity and bacterial peptidoglycan, for discovering the family of human peptidoglycan recognition proteins, which comprises PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4, and for defining the functions of these proteins.
Cynthia Mira Sharma is a biologist, who is Chair of Molecular Infection Biology II at the University of Würzburg. Her research focuses on how bacterial pathogens regulate their gene expression to adapt to changing environments or stress conditions.
References
- ↑ "Hermann Wagner Ph.D." TUM Emeriti of Excellence. Technical University of Munich. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- 1 2 "Akademie Personen" (PDF), Akademie Aktuell (in German), vol. 21, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, p. 61, February 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 14 May 2011
- 1 2 3 "Prof. Dr. Hermann Wagner, Ph.D." Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ↑ Wagner, H.; Röllinghoff, M. (1 December 1978). "T-T-cell interactions during the vitro cytotoxic allograft responses. I. Soluble products from activated Lyl+ T cells trigger autonomously antigen-primed Ly23+ T cells to cell proliferation and cytolytic activity". Journal of Experimental Medicine . 148 (6): 1523–1538. doi:10.1084/jem.148.6.1523. PMC 2185095 . PMID 309919.
- ↑ Miethke, T.; Wahl, C.; Heeg, K.; Echtenacher, B.; Krammer, P.H.; Wagner, H. (1 January 1992). "T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor". Journal of Experimental Medicine . 175 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1084/jem.175.1.91. PMC 2119077 . PMID 1730929.
- 1 2 Schütz, Martin (6 March 2007). "Neue Mitglieder in die Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt" [New members elected to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences] (Press release) (in German). Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften . Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ F., Heil; Hemmi, H.; Hochrein, H.; Ampenberger, F.; Kirschning, C.; Akira, S.; Lipford, G.; Wagner, H.; Bauer, S. (5 March 2004). "Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8". Science. 303 (5663): 1526–1529. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1526H. doi: 10.1126/science.1093620 . PMID 14976262. S2CID 1680581.
- ↑ Oldenburg, M.; Krüger, A.; Ferst, R.; Kaufmann, A.; Nees, G.; Sigmund, A.; Bathke, B.; Lauterbach, H.; Suter, M.; Dreher, S.; Koedel, U.; Akira, S.; Kawai, T.; Buer, J.; Wagner, H.; Bauer, S.; Hochrein, H.; Kirschning, C.J. (31 August 2012). "TLR13 recognizes bacterial 23S rRNA devoid of erythromycin resistance-forming modification". Science. 337 (6098): 1111–1115. Bibcode:2012Sci...337.1111O. doi:10.1126/science.1220363. PMID 22821982. S2CID 206540638.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| People | |
| Other | |
