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The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership, and formed Bharatiya Janata Party.
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The Sangh Parivar refers, as an umbrella term, to the collection of Hindu nationalist organisations spawned by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which remain affiliated to it. These include the political party Bharatiya Janata Party, religious organisation Vishva Hindu Parishad, students union Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), religious militant organisation Bajrang Dal that forms the youth wing of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), and the worker's union Bharatiya Kishan Sangh. It is also often taken to include allied organisations such as the Shiv Sena, which share the ideology of the RSS. The Sangh Parivar represents the Hindu nationalist movement of India.
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Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent. Defenders of Hindu nationalism have tried to avoid the label "nationalism" by arguing that the use of the term "Hindu nationalism" to refer to Hindū rāṣṭravāda is a simplistic translation and is better described by the term "Hindu polity".
References
- ↑ CK, Faisal (17 April 2019). "Reclaiming the Congress ideology is essential to beat Fascist forces". National Herald.
- ↑ Andersen, Walter; Damle, Shridhar D. (15 June 2019). Messengers of Hindu Nationalism: How the RSS Reshaped India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-78738-288-6.
- ↑ Pinkney, Andrea Marion; Whalen-Bridge, John (20 August 2018). Religious Journeys in India: Pilgrims, Tourists, and Travelers. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6603-3.
- ↑ Rao, Shakuntala (24 December 2018). Indian Journalism in a New Era: Changes, Challenges, and Perspectives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909761-6.
- ↑ Robert Eric Frykenberg, "Gospel, Globalization, and Hinduvta: The Politics of 'Conversion' in India", in Donald M. Lewis, Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century, (Eerdmans, 2004), p. 108.
- ↑ Chopra, Rohit (2008). Technology and Nationalism in India: Cultural Negotiations from Colonialism to Cyberspace. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-567-3.
- ↑ Premawardhana, Shanta (17 August 2015). Religious Conversion: Religion Scholars Thinking Together. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-97238-0.