Hirsch Lehren, also known as Tsebi Hirsch Lehren [1] (April 1784, The Hague - September 1853, Amsterdam) was a Dutch Jewish merchant and community worker.
Lehren was prominent in the history of the Ḥaluḳḳah in the first half of the nineteenth century. Beginning with 1810, he, as a rich and influential merchant, was entrusted, together with Abraham Prinz and Solomon Reuben, with the responsibility of forwarding to Palestine the contributions which were sent annually to Amsterdam. In 1822 he ruled that in future only one representative, instead of two, should be sent from Palestine for both the Sephardic and the Ashkenazic congregations, and that the money collected for the Ḥaluḳḳah should be divided in proportion to the number of persons in the Palestinian congregations in question.
When, in 1829, the congregation of the Ashkenazim in Jerusalem had become involved in financial difficulties through the building of a new synagogue and school, and was obliged to appeal for support to its coreligionists in Europe, Lehren, as president of the Ḥaluḳḳah committee, prohibited in a harshly-worded circular the transmission of any further contributions to Jerusalem. On this account he was vehemently attacked, and suspicion was even cast on his integrity in administering the funds. This produced a bitter literary quarrel (see Julius Fürst in "Der Orient," 1843, pp. 361 et seq., 377 et seq.; 1844, pp. 1 et seq.; "Sendschreiben an Unsere Glaubensgenossen den 18ten Schebat, 5603"). In his defense Lehren published "Drei Briefe aus Jerusalem zur Vertheidigung der Ehrlichkeit des Amsterdamer Comité's in Betreff der Palästinaspenden" with the Hebrew title "Ḳonṭres Emet me-Ereẓ" (part i., Amsterdam, 1843; part ii., ib. 1844), after he had already published the Hebrew article of Solomon Kohen, "Emet me-Ereẓ," with the German title "Sendschreiben oder Wahrheit aus dem Heiligen Lande" (ib. 1843; Fürst, "Bibl. Jud." ii. 228).
In 1840 the oppressed Jews of Damascus appealed to Lehren for aid, as they did to many other influential Jews; and he took up their cause. Together with Aaron Prinz, Lehren sent a circular letter to many rabbis, which in the autumn of 1844 resulted in a protest, signed by seventy-eight Orthodox rabbis of Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, against the Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick (June 12–19, 1844; see "Univ. Isr." 1845, ii. 12 et seq.). The letters of recognition for this service, sent to Lehren and Prinz by many rabbis, were published under the title "Torat ha-Ḳena'ot" (ib. 1845).
Zecharias Frankel, also known as Zacharias Frankel was a Bohemian-German rabbi and a historian who studied the historical development of Judaism. He was born in Prague and died in Breslau. He was the founder and the most eminent member of the school of positive-historical Judaism, which advocates freedom of research while upholding the authority of traditional Jewish belief and practice. This school of thought was the intellectual progenitor of Conservative Judaism.
Samuel Hirsch, was a major Reform Judaism philosopher and rabbi who mainly worked and resided in present-day Germany in his earlier years. He promoted the radical German Reform Judaism movement and published several works in the 1840s. He moved to the United States in 1866 where he would die in Chicago, Illinois in 1889.
Aaron Chorin was a Hungarian rabbi and pioneer of early religious reform. He favored the use of the organ and of prayers in the vernacular, and was instrumental in founding schools along modern lines. Chorin became a pivotal figure for reformers, although he himself still operated inside a traditional framework. He also interested himself in public affairs—he took an active part in the efforts for Jewish emancipation, and was very influential with the state authorities.
Moses Hagiz was a Talmudic scholar, rabbi and writer born in Jerusalem during the time of the Old Yishuv. He was also one of the most prominent and influential Jewish leaders in 17th-century Amsterdam. During Hagiz's lifetime, there was an overall decline in rabbinic authority which was the result of migration and assimilation, and Hagiz devoted his career to restoring rabbinic authority. His most prominent talent was as a polemicist, and he campaigned ceaselessly against Jewish heresy in an attempt to unify the rabbinate.
Nathaniel Weil was a rabbi and talmudist born at Stühlingen, son of Naphtali Zvi Hirsch Weil.
Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto, also known by the Hebrew acronym RaMa"Z, was a rabbi, Kabbalist, and poet. Zacuto, who was born into a Portuguese Marrano family in Amsterdam, studied Jewish subjects under Saul Levi Morteira. He also studied secular subjects, such as the Latin language. As a pupil of Morteira, he may also have been, as a youth still in Amsterdam, a fellow student of Baruch Spinoza.
Yisroel ben Shmuel Ashkenazi of Shklov was a Lithuanian Jewish Talmudist, one of a group of Talmudical scholars of Shklov who were attracted to Vilna by Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon (1720–97). He was one of "the last arrivals," and attended upon the Gaon as a disciple for less than a year.
Solomon ben Joel Dubno was a Volhynian poet, grammarian, Biblical commentator, and Maskil.
Akiba Mozes Lehren was a Dutch banker and communal worker, younger brother of Ẓebi Hirsch Lehren and Jacob Meïr Lehren.
Jacob ben Aaron Sasportas, was a Rabbi, Kabbalist, and anti-Sabbatean. He was the father of Isaac ben Jacob Sasportas.
Judah ben Jacob Najar was a Talmudic scholar, author, dayyan, nephew of Judah Cohen Tanugi, and member of the rabbinate in Tunis, where he died at an advanced age. He was the author of the following works:
Joseph Vidal ibn Labi was a prominent Spanish-Jewish scholar and orator, son of the philosopher Solomon ibn Labi. He lived at Saragossa, and was one of the 25 rabbis who by order of antipope Benedict XIII assisted at the disputation of Tortosa, where he distinguished himself by his oratorical ability.
Rabbi Eliyahu ben Solomon Abraham ha-Kohen ha-Itamari (1640-1729) was a Dayan, almoner and preacher. He was born in Smyrna, where he was educated by R. Benjamin Melamed, a leading Rabbi of Izmir (Smyrna) and became a homiletic preacher. R. Eliyahu's opposition to Shabbetai Zevi and his associates earned him much grief at home. He apparently cared for orphans as his writings display an extremely detailed knowledge of the physical and psychological suffering of the poor. A prolific writer he is best remembered for his ethical work Shevet Mussar, which has seen numerous editions and been translated into many languages. The first edition of Shevet Mussar was issued in Constantinople in 1712.
M. H. Landauer was a writer on Jewish mysticism, born at Kappel, near Buchau, Württemberg in Germany. He was a son of the cantor Elias Landauer, and at the age of 18 entered the yeshiva and lyceum in Karlsruhe; later, he studied at the universities of Munich and Tübingen. In spite of ill health, he returned to Munich in 1838 to copy from Hebrew manuscripts in the Royal Library extracts for use in his investigations. In 1839, he passed the examination for the rabbinate, and in the following year was appointed rabbi of Braunsbach, Württemberg. Only three months later, illness obliged him to resign his position and to return to Kappel, where he died.
Jacob Judah Leon Templo was a Jewish Dutch scholar, translator of the Psalms, and expert on heraldry, of Sephardic descent.
Rabbi Mendel Hess was a German rabbi.
Raphael Kirchheim was a German Jewish scholar.
Saul Isaac Kaempf was an Austrian-Bohemian rabbi and Orientalist.
The Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick was a conference held in 1844 in Brunswick, convoked by Levi Herzfeld and Ludwig Philippson. Other attendees included Solomon Formstecher, Samuel Hirsch, Mendel Hess, Samuel Holdheim. Although he did not attend due to impending death, following the conference Áron Chorin, on his death-bed, wrote a declaration of his support of its conclusions. The following summer a synod at Frankfort-on-the-Main heard reports commissioned by the Brunswick session that dealt with various liturgical, practical, and theological topics. At this 1845 synod rabbis attending it declared that women count in a minyan, a formalization of a customary Reform practice dating back to 1811.
Rabbi Ẓebi Hirsch Kaidanover, a native of Wilna; was the author of Kav ha-Yashar.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "LEHREN". The Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls.