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Humao (Chinese :胡帽; lit. 'Barbarian hat') is a type of brim hat which was used in the Tang dynasty by both Chinese men and women when horse-riding. [1] : 54 Women of all social ranks (ranging from palace ladies to commoners) wore humao when horse-riding since the beginning of the Kaiyuan period (713–741 AD), [2] : 311 during the Mid-Tang dynasty. [3] : 220 The humao was a type of veil-less hat (which contrasted to the weimao);therefore,it allowed for the faces and hair to be exposed. [2] : 311 [3] : 220
Futou,also pronounced and written as putou,is a form of Chinese headwear which was commonly worn in the Tang and Song dynasties. It was also typically worn by government officials. The shape of the futou worn by the government officials in the Song and Ming dynasties was based on the futou of the Tang dynasty which is its precursor. The futou was originally a turban-like headwear which was tied at the back of its wearer's head,the two corners would go to the opposite directions thus acting as decorations. With time,the futou came to assume a variety of shapes and styles.
Chinese clothing describes both the traditional hanfu and modern variations of indigenous Chinese dress as recorded by the artifacts and traditional arts of Chinese culture. Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions,as well as through foreign influences. Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese culture traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization.
The ruqun is a traditional Chinese attire which consists of a short jacket worn under a long skirt. However,when use as a general term,ruqun can broadly describe a set of attire which consists of a separated upper garment and a wrap-around lower skirt,or yichang,in which yi means upper garment,and chang means lower garment. In a broad sense,ruqun can include shanqun and aoqun in its definition.
Yuanlingshan is a form of round-collared upper garment in Hanfu;it is also referred as yuanlingpao or panlingpao when used as a robe,called paofu. Yuanlingshan and yuanlingpao were both developed under the influence of Hufu from the Donghu people in the early Han dynasty and later on by the Wuhu in the Six dynasties period. The yuanlingpao is a formal attire usually worn by men,though it was also fashionable for women to wear it in some dynasties,such as in the Tang dynasty.
Hanfu is the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese. There are several representative styles of hanfu,such as the ruqun,the aoqun,the beizi and the shenyi,and the shanku.
Qixiong Ruqun,or Qixiong Shanqun,also known as "chest-high ruqun",is a style of hanfu. It is a unique type of ruqun which is characterize with a high waistline above the bust. It was worn by women during the Southern dynasties,Sui dynasty,Tang dynasty and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The style was also revived in the early and middle Ming dynasty.
Hanfu accessories are fashion accessories worn with Hanfu. Hanfu consists of many forms of miscellaneous accessories,such as jewelries,waist ornaments,ribbons,shawls,scarves,and hand-held accessories,etc.
The fashion in the Yuan dynasty of China (1271–1368) showed cultural diversity with the coexistence of various ethnic clothing,such as Mongol clothing,Han clothing and Korean clothing. The Mongol dress was the clothing of elite for both genders. Mongol attire worn in the 13th-14th century was different from the Han clothing from the Tang and Song dynasties. The Yuan dynasty court clothing also allowed the mixed of Mongol and Han style,and the official dress code of the Yuan dynasty also became a mixture of Han and Mongol clothing styles. After the founding of the Yuan dynasty,the Mongols were also strongly influenced by the lifestyle and customs of the Han people. According to the History of Yuan,"when the Yuan Dynasty was founded,clothing and carriage decorations followed the old customs. Kublai Khan took the customs from the Jin and Song Dynasty to the Han and Tang Dynasty". The casual clothing for men mainly followed the dress code of the Han people and they wore banbi as a casual clothing item. Women dress code were separated into the aristocratic type and the common people type.
Yunjian,also known as Cloud collar in English,is a Chinese term which can refer to:(1) a 4-lobed pattern and more rarely for an 8-lobed pattern,and (2) to a traditional Chinese shoulder adornment,which is typically found in 4-lobed design although multi-lobed design also existed.
Bijia is a long,sleeveless jacket of Mongol origins which has opened side slits. The bijia started to be worn in the Yuan dynasty when it was designed by Empress Chabi. The bijia eventually became one of the most typical form of women's clothing item in the Ming dynasty and in the Qing dynasty. It is also a type of hanfu which has been revived in present days.
Hufu,also referred as Hu clothing,nomadic dress,'barbarian' clothing or dress,or foreign dress,is a generic term which refers to the clothing worn in ancient China and its surrounding regions by non-Han Chinese people. This term is also used to refer to foreigner's dress or clothing of foreign origins in ancient China. The introduction of hufu in China occurred by the time of King Wuling of Zhao.
Mili is a type of Chinese veil which originated from Hufuof the Rong and Yi people cultures. In the Sui to early Tang dynasties,the mili was typically to a body-long veil which was used to conceal the body of women;it was a form of burnoose which was burqua-like. The full-body mili then evolved into the weimao by the end of the Sui dynasty. The full-body mili continued to be worn in the Tang dynasty,but started to lose popularity by the middle of the 7th century. It eventually disappeared completely by 705 AD. Some Tang dynasty mili also only covered the women's face and neck areas.
Weimao is a type of wide brimmed hat with a shoulder-length veil hanging. The weimao was a popular form of head covering during the Tang dynasty. It was invented during either the Sui or the early Tang dynasty according to Liu Zhiji and Zhang Yanyuan.
Liangmao,also known as Hakka hat and Hakka bamboo hat,is a traditional bamboo and/or straw hat worn by the Hakka people who perform manual work,such as farming and fishing. Hakka women wore it when working in the fields. The liangmao is made and is most commonly worn by the Hakka people who were originally from Northern China. The liangmao is a typical symbol of Hakka culture and is a "unique feature of Hakka culture";it is also the "most public symbol associated with the Hakka". Some Hakka women still wear the liangmao when working outdoors nowadays. It also worn by non-Hakka women who work outdoors.
Damao,also known as Big hat in English,is a type of Chinese round hat with a wide brim,which was worn in the Ming dynasty. It was commonly worn by commoners of the Ming dynasty and is often seen in Ming dynasty portraits. It originated in the Yuan dynasty;it was derived from the Mongol's boli hat.
Qizhuang,also known as Manfu and commonly referred as Manchu clothing in English,is the traditional clothing of the Manchu people. Qizhuang in the broad sense refers to the clothing system of the Manchu people,which includes their whole system of attire used for different occasions with varying degrees of formality. The term qizhuang can also be used to refer to the informal dress of the Manchu women,chenyi,which is a one-piece long robe with no slits on either sides. In the Manchu tradition,the outerwear of both men and women includes a full-length robe with a jacket or a vest while short coats and trousers are worn as inner garments.
Tanling ruqun,also known as Tan collar ruqun and U-collar ruqun,is a type of Hanfu which was developed under the influence of Hufu;it is a form a kind of ruqun which typically consists of three parts,featuring a low-cut low-cut U-shaped collar upper inner garment with long sleeves,a U-shaped collar banbi upper outer garment with short sleeves,a long high-waisted skirt. It can also be adorned with a shawl,called pipo. It was a popular form of clothing attire in the Sui and Tang dynasty. In the 21st century,the Tanling ruqun re-appeared as a result of the Hanfu movement. The 21st century Tanling ruqun was developed by reproducing the original patterns of the historical tanling ruqun while being aligned with modern aesthetics.
Fanlingpao,sometimes referred as kuapao and hufu in the Tang dynasty when they feature double overturned lapels,is a type of paofu with lapels. It was categorized as Hufu instead of Hanfu due to its association with clothing of the foreigners who came from the Silk road. Fanlingpao were first introduced in China during the Northern Wei dynasty and became popular in Northern Qi. The custom of wearing fanlingpao were then inherited and further developed in the Sui and Tang dynasties. The fanlingpao could be transformed into a round collar robe,called yuanlingpao,in the Tang dynasty through the use of buttons. The fanlingpao shows foreign influences,which are mostly likely from the Persian,Sassanian Persian,Iranian Sogdian,and Turkic. Fanlingpao were popular fashion during Tang dynasty for both men and women and showed the popularity of Hufu-style clothing during this period;it was considered hufu while yuanlingpao was categorized as a form Hanfu.
Guan,literally translated as hat or cap or crown in English,is a general term which refers to a type of head wear in hanfu which covers a small area of the upper part of the head instead of the entire head. The guan was typically a formal form of headwear which was worn together with its corresponding court dress attire. There were sumptuary laws which regulated the wearing of guan;however,these laws were not fixed;and thus,they would differ from dynasty to dynasty. There were various forms and types of guan.
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