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Telephony is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.
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Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications and recreation. These products are usually referred to as black goods due to many products being housed in black or dark casings. This term is used to distinguish them from "white goods" which are meant for housekeeping tasks, such as washing machines and refrigerators, although nowadays, these would be considered black goods, some of these being connected to the Internet. In British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers. In the 2010s, this distinction is absent in large big box consumer electronics stores, which sell entertainment, communication and home office devices, light fixtures and appliances, including the bathroom type.
Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to mobile phones rather than fixed-location phones. Telephony is supposed to specifically point to a voice-only service or connection, though sometimes the line may blur.
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.
Barry Wellman was an American-Canadian sociologist and was the co-director of the Toronto-based international NetLab Network. His areas of research were community sociology, the Internet, human-computer interaction and social structure, as manifested in social networks in communities and organizations. His overarching interest was in the paradigm shift from group-centered relations to networked individualism. He has written or co-authored more than 300 articles, chapters, reports and books. Wellman was a professor at the Department of Sociology, University of Toronto for 46 years, from 1967 to 2013, including a five-year stint as S.D. Clark Professor.
The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.
The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe. However, it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an important part of the larger history of communication.
Machine to machine (M2M) is direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless. Machine to machine communication can include industrial instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to communicate the information it records to application software that can use it. Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer.
The mobile web comprises mobile browser-based World Wide Web services accessed from handheld mobile devices, such as smartphones or feature phones, through a mobile or other wireless network.
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Edholm's law, proposed by and named after Phil Edholm, refers to the observation that the three categories of telecommunication, namely wireless (mobile), nomadic and wired networks (fixed), are in lockstep and gradually converging. Edholm's law also holds that data rates for these telecommunications categories increase on similar exponential curves, with the slower rates trailing the faster ones by a predictable time lag. Edholm's law predicts that the bandwidth and data rates double every 18 months, which has proven to be true since the 1970s. The trend is evident in the cases of Internet, cellular (mobile), wireless LAN and wireless personal area networks.
A mobile phone or cell phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications, satellite access, business applications, payments, multimedia playback and streaming, digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones ; mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers is becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks.
Telecommunications equipment is a type of hardware which is used for the purposes of telecommunications. Since the 1990s the boundary between telecoms equipment and IT hardware has become blurred as a result of the growth of the internet and its increasing role in the transfer of telecoms data.
The use of electronic and communication technologies as a therapeutic aid to healthcare practices is commonly referred to as telemedicine or eHealth. The use of such technologies as a supplement to mainstream therapies for mental disorders is an emerging mental health treatment field which, it is argued, could improve the accessibility, effectiveness and affordability of mental health care. Mental health technologies used by professionals as an adjunct to mainstream clinical practices include email, SMS, virtual reality, computer programs, blogs, social networks, the telephone, video conferencing, computer games, instant messaging and podcasts.
Mobiles for development (M4D), a more specific iteration of Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D), refers to the use of mobile technologies in global development strategies. Focusing on the fields of international and socioeconomic development and human rights, M4D relies on the theory that increased access to mobile devices acts as an integral cornerstone in the promotion of overall societal development.
Anabel Quan-Haase is a Canadian academic and published author. She is currently a full professor at the University of Western Ontario located in London, Ontario, where she is jointly appointed to the Faculty of Information and Media Studies and the Department of Sociology. Quan-Haase is past-president and past social media director of the Canadian Association for Information Science (CAIS). She is the 2019-2020 chair of CITAMS section of the American Sociological Association.
Richard Ling, also known as Rich Ling, is a prominent communications scholar specializing in mobile communication. He held the position of Shaw Foundation Professor of Media Technology at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore from 2013 to 2021. Having lived and worked in Norway, Ling has extensively researched the social implications of mobile communication, text messaging and mobile telephony. His work focuses on how mobile communication enables "micro-coordination" among teenagers and fosters social cohesion among generations. Recently, he has explored this phenomenon in the context of large databases and developing countries. Ling has published numerous papers on this topic and is widely cited. He was honored as a Fellow of the International Communication Association in 2016 and appointed editor of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication in 2017.
Networked individualism represents the shift of the classical model of social arrangements formed around hierarchical bureaucracies or social groups that are tightly-knit, like households and work groups, to connected individuals, using the means provided by the evolution of Information and communications technology. Although the turn to networked individualism started before the advent of the internet, it has been fostered by the development of social media networks.
References
- ↑ Wellman, Barry (June 2001). "Physical Place and Cyber Place: The Rise of Networked Individualism". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 25 (2): 227–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.169.5891 . doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00309.
- ↑ Anabel Quan-Haase and Barry Wellman, "Networks of Distance and Media: A Case Study of a High Tech Firm." Trust and Communities conference, Bielefeld, Germany, July, 2003; Anabel Quan-Haase and Barry Wellman. 2004. "Local Virtuality in a High-Tech Networked Organization." Anaylse & Kritik 26 (special issue 1): 241–57 SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1; Anabel Quan-Haase and Barry Wellman, "How Computer-Mediated Hyperconnectivity and Local Virtuality Foster Social Networks of Information and Coordination in a Community of Practice." International Sunbelt Social Network Conference, Redondo Beach, California, February 2005.; Anabel Quan-Haase and Barry Wellman. "Hyperconnected Net Work: Computer-Mediated Community in a High-Tech Organization." Pp. 281–333 in The Firm as a Collaborative Community: Reconstructing Trust in the Knowledge Economy, edited by Charles Heckscher and Paul Adler. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
- ↑ "The Fully Networked Car". International Telecommunication Union ITU. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
- ↑ "Future of the Car". PopSCI. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04.
- ↑ Shannon Bentley (April 22, 2003). "Surf the Web…From your lettuce crisper". Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
- ↑ Gaderer, G.; Sauter, T. (October 4, 2002). "Component-oriented design of an intelligent, networked refrigerator". 6th IEEE AFRICON. Vol. 1. pp. 135–8. doi:10.1109/AFRCON.2002.1146821.
- ↑ "New Office Perk". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.
- ↑ Richard Sewell (February 16, 1998). "The time is now-swim and swim fast". Telephony Online.
- ↑ "Hyper-connected generation rises". BBC News. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- ↑ Martin Sharp. "Command and Control of Battlefield Helicopters" (PDF).
- ↑ "A Four-step Approach for Developing Diagnostic Tests in Psychiatry" (PDF). CLINICAL EEG and NEUROSCIENCE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-01.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ David AS (October 1994). "Schizophrenia and the corpus callosum: developmental, structural and functional relationships". Behav. Brain Res. 64 (1–2): 203–11. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(94)90132-5. PMID 7840887. S2CID 3993471.
- ↑ "Epilepsy: Classification of Seizures" (PDF).
- ↑ Spitzer, C; Willert, C; Grabe, HJ; Rizos, T; Möller, B; Freyberger, HJ (2004). "Dissociation, Hemispheric Asymmetry, and Dysfunction of Hemispheric Interaction". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 16 (2): 163–9. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.2.163. PMID 15260367. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
- ↑ Hanson, Jesse E.; Blank, Martina; Valenzuela, Ricardo A.; Garner, Craig C.; Madison, Daniel V. (2007). "The functional nature of synaptic circuitry is altered in area CA3 of the hippocampus in a mouse model of Down's syndrome". J Physiol. 579 (Pt 1): 53–67. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114868. PMC 2075378 . PMID 17158177.