IBM 3800

Last updated
IBM 3800 Printer
IBM 3800.jpg
Date invented1975;49 years ago (1975)
ManufacturerIBM
Introduced1976;48 years ago (1976)
Discontinued1999;25 years ago (1999)

The IBM 3800 is a discontinued laser printer designed and manufactured by IBM. It was the first commercially available laser printer. [1] It was a continuous form laser printer, meaning that it printed onto a continuous long sheet of paper.

Contents

The 3800 was initially positioned as a line printer replacement with additional features. Besides the much greater speed, enhancements over the line printer included: [2]

Later the 3800 family supported Advanced Function Presentation (AFP), a page description language with features similar to Xerox Corporation's Interpress or Adobe Systems' PostScript.

The 3800 attached to a mainframe system via a parallel (Bus and Tag) channel. Support for two channels was available as an option.

At the time of the announcement of the IBM 3900, a ComputerWorld Magazine article claimed there were over 10,000 IBM 3800s deployed worldwide. [3]

The 3800 was replaced by the IBM 3900, announced in 1990. The 3800 was discontinued in 1999. [4]

Development and Manufacturing

IBM 3800 Model 1 With BTS in Computer Room IBM Mainframe with IBM 3800.jpg
IBM 3800 Model 1 With BTS in Computer Room

Development began in 1969 using a project code name of Jubilee. Later, the code name was changed to Argonaut. IBM did not however have a xerographic printer to base the Jubilee on (all IBM printers up to this point were mechanical printers, e.g., chain, print bar, train). This meant prototyping used an IBM Copier I, which was not capable of anywhere near the product goal of 1 million pages per month. Therefore, dramatic developments were required in areas such as: paper path handling, lasers and optics, toner fusion and control electronics. [5]

The IBM 3800 was developed and initially manufactured in San Jose, California. [5]

Manufacturing in the USA was transferred from San Jose to Tucson, Arizona with the opening of the Tucson plant in 1980. This was a major effort considering the 3800 consisted of more than 9000 part numbers. [6] [7] This continued till IBM shutdown manufacturing in Tucson in 1989, with printer manufacturing moving to Charlotte, NC. [8] [9]

For world trade export the IBM 3800 was also manufactured at the IBM plant at Järfälla, Sweden [10] with the first 3800 shipping from there in November 1976. Manufacturing continued there for more than eight years. [11]

First plain paper laser printer

There are competing claims about which device was the first commercially available plain paper laser printer. [12] [13]

Models

There were several models of the IBM 3800 Laser Printer. [21]

3800 Model 001

The model 001 was announced on April 15, 1975, and first shipped July 1976. It had a print resolution of 144 pels per inch (or dots per inch, pels are print elements) vertically and 180 pels per inch horizontally. It could print at up to 13,360 lines per minute or 45,000 characters per second (which IBM claimed was 6 times faster than their fastest printer at that time) [22] depending on line density (which could range from 6 to 12 lines per inch). [23] It could print at 10, 12 or 15 characters per inch, printing at 6 or 8 or 12 lines per inch. [24]

The model 001 was the only model that supported the tape to print feature (Feature Code 7810), where an IBM 3411/3410 or IBM 3803/3420 reel to reel tape drive could be attached to the 3800, allowing the printer to operate in an offline mode.

In 1980, IDC predicted that the IBM 3800 would by 1983 control 48% of the non-impact printer market with the Xerox 9700 controlling 31%. [25]

3800 Model 002

The model 002 was announced in 1979. It was a model 001 printer that had been modified to allow it to print kanji characters.

3800 Model 003

The model 003 was a much faster version of the 3800. It was announced November 1, 1982, [26] At a speed of 215 page impressions per minute (or 20,400 lines per minute), it was the fastest printer of its time. [27] IBM claimed it was twice as fast as the Model 001. It was the first AFP printer in the 3800 line. [27] The three main goals of the model 003 were: [28]

To improve the resolution, a new photoconductor material had to be used in combination with a specially designed digital voltmeter and a significant redesign of the laser print head. The helium-neon laser developed for the model 001 was retained, but lenses were used to generate two printing beams that reflected off a slightly more slowly rotating mirror (the mirror in model 001 rotated at 15,300 RPM versus the model 003, which rotated at 12,700 RPM). [28]

Paper moved through the printer at a constant velocity of 31 inches per second. The 3800 could print out 1.7 miles of paper per hour. [30]

3800 Model 006

The model 006 was announced on January 26, 1987, and shipped later that year. It was functionally identical to the model 003 but only ran at 134 pages per minute. [31] It could be upgraded to a model 003.

3800 Model 008

The model 008 was physically similar to a model 003 but supported double-byte character sets, which allowed kanji characters to be printed (effectively making it a replacement for the model 002). In comparison to the model 002, it could print three times more kanji characters (22,500) with significantly better print resolution. [28]

Technological Innovations in the IBM 3800

Being the first Laser Printer produced by IBM and with no similar existing products to use as models, the IBM 3800 contained many new technological features. This is a short list of some of them:

Long Life Cleaning Brush

The cleaning brush used to clean toner from the photoconductor would wear out after one month of operation. Through a variety of improvements this was extended to four months. [32]

Long Life Helium-Neon Laser

By using low helium diffusion glass, IBM increased the life of the laser to 20,000 operation hours, an improvement of 10× over off-the-shelf products available at that time. [32] The HeNe laser used in the IBM 3800 used more than 25 milliwatts (compared to 5 milliwatts in the later IBM 6670 or 1 milliwatt in the IBM 3666 barcode scanner). [33]

Long Life Hot Roll

The hot roll that fuses the toner to the page needed to operate without silicone oil (to avoid contamination) [34] and to have an extended life, so a new elastomer material was developed as well as a multi-zone preheat platen to warm the paper to 104 °C (219 °F) prior to fusion. [32]

Long Life Xenon Flash Lamp

A flash lamp was used as part of the form overlay system that optionally was used to print a fixed form onto each page. This system used a lamp that had to pulse for only 125 μs. Initial life span of the lamp was only one month, but through a variety of design changes this was extended to 60 months. [32]

To ensure print contrast remained consistent over time, a special control mark was printed on every page. An LED sensor would monitor this mark and this was used to control how much toner was routinely fed into the developer mix. It could also detect if the printer was producing blank pages unexpectedly.

Discharged area development

Although not an innovation it is worth noting that IBM chose to use discharged area development on the 3800. After placing a static charge on the photoconductor the laser was then used to discharge the parts of the surface where characters needed to be developed. Toner was then attracted only to those discharged areas. Because a typical page at that time had far more white space than printed space, this allowed for faster print speeds. However later printers like the IBM 6670 used charged area development where the laser discharged those areas where toner was not needed, as this yielded better print quality, closer to that seen with the Selectric typewriter. [34]

TNF based photoconductor

The original photoconductor used by the IBM 3800 (and also by the IBM Copier, IBM Copier II and IBM 3896) was a high-sensitivity organic photoconductor for electrophotography developed by IBM. IBM developed this to avoid patent infringement with Xerox (who used a photoconductor based on selenium). [35] The IBM developed organic photoreceptor (OPC) used a chemical known as 2, 4, 7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, commonly referred to as TNF. [36] The photoconductor was mainly composed of a TNF and polyvinyl carbazole resin coating on an aluminized mylar sheet and was manufactured by IBM in Lexington Kentucky. [37] Over the course of the 1970s, health and safety concerns were raised about TNF being carcinogenic. The US Federal Department of Health and Human Services contracted the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to investigate these concerns but their report did not identify any issues. [37] Despite this, in 1980 IBM changed its advice and required its employees to always handle it with gloves. [38] IBM then withdrew TNF based photoconductors in late 1981 for the IBM 3800 and IBM Copier II, replacing them with a photoconductor based on chlorotiane blue and diethylaminobenzal- denyde-dithenylhydrazone (sometimes called blue coral). [39] This material was already being used in the IBM Series III Copier and the IBM 6670 and was manufactured by IBM in Boulder Colorado. [39]

Replacement product

IBM partnered with Hitachi Koki Co Ltd (HKK) to OEM a Hitachi-developed printer, released as the IBM 3900. The print engine was developed by HKK while the control unit was IBMs Advanced Function Common Control Unit (AFCCU) based on the IBM RS/6000. [40] [41] It was announced October 1990 and shipped in late 1991. [42] IBM formally announced their development relationship with HKK in 1992. [43] [44]

Other 38xx/39xx non-impact page printers

There were other non-impact page printers in the 38xx and 39xx series from IBM.

IBM 3812

The IBM 3812 was one of the first office laser printers produced by IBM. [45]

The 3812 (of which there were two models, 3812–001 and 3812–002) was described as a tabletop Pageprinter. [46] [47]

The 3812-001 was announced on Oct 15, 1985 and operated at 12 pages per minute maximum. It was not technically a laser printer as it used a LED printhead. [48] The 3812-002 was announced on Jun 16, 1987. [49]

The 3812-001 was withdrawn from marketing on April 4, 1987 (effective November 4, 1987). The 3812-002 was withdrawn from marketing October 1991. [50]

IBM 3816

The IBM 3816 was described as an "electrostatic page printer". [51]

It was announced in March 1989 and operated at 24 impressions per minute maximum. The 3816-01S was simplex while the 3816-01D was duplex. [52]

IBM 3820

The IBM 3820, announced on February 12, 1985, was IBM's first AFP cut-sheet printer. [27] [47] The 3820 could be attached to a host mainframe system via Systems Network Architecture SNA/SDLC, or to a PC using the IBM Personal Computer Network (PCLAN) or Corvus Omninet. An entry-level 3820 sold for $29,900 (equivalent to $84,704in 2023). [53] The 3820 was an AFP printer. It operated at 20 pages per minute.

It was withdrawn from marketing November 1993. [54]

IBM 3825

The IBM 3825 was announced in 1989. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 58 impressions per minute [55] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1995. [56]

IBM 3827

The IBM 3827 was announced in 1988. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 92 impressions per minute. While the control unit was developed by IBM, the print engine was a Kodak 1392. [57] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1995. [56]

IBM 3828

The IBM 3828 was a MICR version of the 3827. It was announced October 1990. [58]

It was withdrawn from marketing in October 1999. [59]

IBM 3829

The IBM 3829 was announced in 1993. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 92 impressions per minute. While the control unit was developed by IBM, the print engine was a Kodak 1392. [57] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1997. [56]

IBM 3835

The IBM 3835 was announced in 1988 and was an intermediate speed fanfold AFP page printer that operated at 88 impressions per minute. [60]

IBM 3900

The 3900 was announced on Oct 2, 1990 as a replacement product for the IBM 3800. It was a high speed fanfold AFP page printer that operated at 229 pages per minute. [61]

IBM 3935

The IBM 3935 was announced in November 1993 and was an intermediate speed duplex capable cut sheet AFP page printer that operated at 35 impressions per minute. [62]

End of IBM's printer business

In 2007 IBM formed a joint venture, InfoPrint Solutions Company, with Ricoh. The new company, headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, took over all of IBM Printing Systems Division products, including the successors to the 3800 line. [63] In 2010 IBM divested its share and the new company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Ricoh. [64] All of its products are currently maintained by Ricoh and no longer by IBM.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Printer (computing)</span> Computer peripheral that prints text or graphics

In computing, a printer is a peripheral machine which makes a durable representation of graphics or text, usually on paper. While most output is human-readable, bar code printers are an example of an expanded use for printers. Different types of printers include 3D printers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and thermal printers.

In digital printing, a page description language (PDL) is a computer language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output bitmap. An overlapping term is printer control language, which includes Hewlett-Packard's Printer Command Language (PCL). PostScript is one of the most noted page description languages. The markup language adaptation of the PDL is the page description markup language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Line printer</span> Impact printer that prints one entire line of text at a time

A line printer prints one entire line of text before advancing to another line. Most early line printers were impact printers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laser printing</span> Electrostatic digital printing process

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces high-quality text and graphics by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially charged image. The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink (toner), and transfers the image to paper, which is then heated to permanently fuse the text, imagery, or both, to the paper. As with digital photocopiers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process. Laser printing differs from traditional xerography as implemented in analog photocopiers in that in the latter, the image is formed by reflecting light off an existing document onto the exposed drum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dot matrix printing</span> Computer printing process

Dot matrix printing, sometimes called impact matrix printing, is a computer printing process in which ink is applied to a surface using a relatively low-resolution dot matrix for layout. Dot matrix printers are a type of impact printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires and typically use a print head that moves back and forth or in an up-and-down motion on the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper. They were also known as serial dot matrix printers. Unlike typewriters or line printers that use a similar print mechanism, a dot matrix printer can print arbitrary patterns and not just specific characters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LaserWriter</span> 1985 laser printer

The LaserWriter is a laser printer with built-in PostScript interpreter sold by Apple, Inc. from 1985 to 1988. It was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. In combination with WYSIWYG publishing software like PageMaker that operated on top of the graphical user interface of Macintosh computers, the LaserWriter was a key component at the beginning of the desktop publishing revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daisy wheel printing</span> Impact printing technology

Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1970 by Andrew Gabor at Diablo Data Systems. It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each with typically 96 glyphs, to generate high-quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric, but two to three times faster. Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters, word processors and computers from 1972. The daisy wheel is so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xerography</span> Dry photocopying technique

Xerography is a dry photocopying technique. Originally called electrophotography, it was renamed xerography—from the Greek roots ξηρόςxeros, meaning "dry" and -‍γραφία-‍graphia, meaning "writing"—to emphasize that unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as cyanotype, the process of xerography used no liquid chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HP LaserJet</span> Brand of laser printers

LaserJet as a brand name identifies the line of laser printers marketed by the American computer company Hewlett-Packard (HP). The HP LaserJet was the world's first commercially successful laser printer. Canon supplies both mechanisms and cartridges for most HP laser printers; some larger A3 models use Samsung print engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM 1403</span> High speed line printer, introduced in 1959 and used into the 1970s

The IBM 1403 line printer was introduced as part of the IBM 1401 computer in 1959 and had an especially long life in the IBM product line.

The IBM 2780 and the IBM 3780 are devices developed by IBM for performing remote job entry (RJE) and other batch functions over telephone lines; they communicate with the mainframe via Binary Synchronous Communications and replaced older terminals using synchronous transmit-receive (STR). In addition, IBM has developed workstation programs for the 1130, 360/20, 2922, System/360 other than 360/20, System/370 and System/3.

DocuTech is the name given to a line of electronic production-publishing systems produced by Xerox Corporation. It allowed paper documents to be scanned, electronically edited, and then printed on demand. DocuTech systems were the last known to use the XNS protocol for networking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photocopier</span> Device for reproducing documents

A photocopier is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles onto paper in the form of an image. The toner is then fused onto the paper using heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Copiers can also use other technologies, such as inkjet, but xerography is standard for office copying.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM 6670</span> Laser printer and photocopier

The IBM 6670 Information Distributor (6670-001) was a combination laser printer and photocopier introduced by IBM. Announced on February 14, 1979, as part of Office System/6, its feature set included two-sided printing.

IBM 2245 Kanji Printer was the line printer of the IBM Kanji System, announced in 1971, that allowed printing of Japanese text on IBM System/360 and System/370 mainframe computers. Later, it would also support printing of Korean and Traditional Chinese text.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM copier family</span> Line of photocopiers designed and manufactured by IBM

IBM Office Products Division (OPD) manufactured and sold copier equipment and supplies from 1970 till IBM withdrew from the copier market in 1988. IBM's decision to compete in this market resulted in the first commercial use of an organic photoconductor now widely used in most photocopiers. It is often held up as an example of a corporate u-turn, where a company rejects a technology and then adopts it. It showed that despite the size of IBM's sales and engineering organisations, this did not guarantee success in every market it chose to compete in. The development effort that resulted in the IBM Copier helped in the development of IBMs first laser printer, the IBM 3800.`

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Honeywell Page Printing System</span> Continuous forms electrostatic printer designed and manufactured by Honeywell

The Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS) announced in 1974, is notable because it was the first commercially successful high speed non-impact printer. It could produce output at up to 18,000 lines per minute, where the earlier Xerox 1200 ran at 4000 lines per minute and the contemporary IBM 3211, ran at 2000 lines per minute. Most printer history has focused on the later IBM 3800 and the Xerox 9700.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xerox 1200</span> Cut sheet electrographic printer designed and manufactured by Xerox

The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System is a computer printer system that was developed by Xerox. It was the first commercial non-impact Xerographic printer used to create computer output. It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a laser printer, but it did not in fact have a laser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM hammer printers</span> IBM system printers that used hammer technology

IBM developed, manufactured and sold hammer-based impact printers that used either type bars, a chain, a train, or a band to create printed output from 1959 till 1999, replacing the older print drum technology,. Over the course of this time they produced a wide variety of these line printers. This article will detail the most significant ones. Note that while IBM initially described band printers as belt printers, they are effectively the same thing.

The Xerox 2700 is a discontinued monochrome laser printer from Xerox Corporation. The 2700 was announced in March, 1982, and can print up to 12 pages per minute (PPM), one-sided, on standard A4 or Letter cut-sheet paper. It occupies 5 square feet (0.46 m2) of floor space, and cost $18,995. The 2700 is rated for a print volume of 15,000 pages per month, although some users got up to 100,000 pages.

References

  1. "IBM Archives: 1976". IBM. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005.
  2. IBM Corporation. "3800 Printer" (PDF). ed-thelen.org. Retrieved Dec 10, 2019.
  3. Bozman, Jean S. (1990-10-08). "IBM makes good on several previous promises" (PDF). Computerworld . Vol. 24, no. 41. International Data Group. p. 133.
  4. IBM Corporation. "Declaration of Plan to Discontinue Lease, Rental, and Maintenance Services for Selected IBM Printers" (PDF). ibm.com. Retrieved Dec 9, 2019.
  5. 1 2 "IBM 3800 Laser Printer Development". Ray Froess.
  6. "IBM Tucson products". IBM. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006.
  7. "IBM Archives: IBM Tucson getting started". www.ibm.com. 2003-01-23. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  8. "IBM To Consolidate Operations In $600 Million Cost-Cutting Move". Associated Press .
  9. "IBM Plans to Eliminate Up to 4,000 Jobs, Close 2 Plants". Los Angeles Times. 1988-06-30. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  10. "Some Key Dates in IBM's Operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EME)" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  11. Paju, Petri (2010). IBM Manufacturing in the Nordic Countries.
  12. Tomash, Erwin. "The U.S. Computer Printer Industry".
  13. 1 2 "Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System".
  14. 1 2 Holmes, Edith; Ward, Patrick (1975-09-10). "Uses Xerographic Techniques - Users Laud Offline Unit's Print Quality" (PDF). Computerworld . Vol. IX, no. 3. International Data Group. p. 35.
  15. "Printer Manuals: Xerox : Free Texts : Free Download, Borrow and Streaming : Internet Archive". archive.org. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  16. Mitchell, John (1975). The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System. Xerox.
  17. datapro :: datapro 70 :: Datapro 70 Volume 2 Aug1975. 1975.
  18. "A Nonimpact Page Printing System | Borelli, R.F.; Bayless, R.B.; Truax, E.R. | download". ur.booksc.eu. Archived from the original on 2021-11-29. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  19. "The Story of the Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System (the spark that ignited the laser printing industry)".
  20. "Xerox 9700".
  21. "3800 IBM Printing Subsystem". IBM.
  22. Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1975-04-30: Vol 9 Iss 18. Computerworld. 1975-04-30.
  23. Elzinga, C; Hallmark, T.M; Mattern, R.H.; Woodward, J.M. (September 1981). "Laser Electrophotographic Printing Technology". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 25 (5): 767–776. doi:10.1147/rd.255.0767.
  24. Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1975-04-23: Vol 9 Iss 17. Computerworld. 1975-04-23.
  25. Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-03-31: Vol 14 Iss 13. Computerworld. 1980-03-31.
  26. "IBM Tucson highlights of the first decade". IBM. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
  27. 1 2 3 "IBM 3820". IBM . In 1985 the IBM 3820 was introduced. It was the first IBM AFP cut-sheet printer.
  28. 1 2 3 McMurtry, David; Tinghitella, Mike; Svendsen, Roger (May 29, 1984). "Technology of the IBM 3800 Printing Subsystem Model 3". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 28 (3): 257–262. doi:10.1147/rd.283.0257.
  29. Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1982-11-08: Vol 16 Iss 45. Computerworld. 1982-11-08.
  30. Tucson: Invitation to excellence. IBM. 1982. p. 8.
  31. "IBM 3800 PRINTING SUBSYSTEM MODEL 6". IBM. January 2020.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Elzinga, C. D.; Hallmark, T. M.; Mattern, R. H.; Woodward, J. M. (1981). "Laser Electrophotographic Printing Technology". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 25 (5): 767–776. doi:10.1147/rd.255.0767. ISSN   0018-8646.
  33. Selected papers on laser scanning and recording. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering. 1985. ISBN   978-0-89252-413-6.
  34. 1 2 DeLoca, Cornelius (1991). The Romance Division - A Different Side of IBM (1st ed.). D & K Book Company. pp. 183–184.
  35. Weiss, David S.; Abkowitz, Martin (2017), Kasap, Safa; Capper, Peter (eds.), "Organic Photoconductors", Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials, Springer Handbooks, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 1, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-48933-9_37 , ISBN   978-3-319-48933-9
  36. Schaffert, R. M. (January 1971). "A New High-sensitivity Organic Photoconductor for Electrophotography". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 15 (1): 75–89. doi:10.1147/rd.151.0075. ISSN   0018-8646.
  37. 1 2 Health Hazard Evaluation Report (PDF) (Report). Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch of NIOSH, Department of Health and Human Services. December 1981. doi: 10.26616/nioshheta811253521029 . HETA-81-125-1029.
  38. Environment, United States Congress House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health and the (1981). Health and the Environment Miscellaneous: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress ... U.S. Government Printing Office.
  39. 1 2 Hoard, Bruce (1981-11-09). "Plans Photoconductor Switch - IBM to Replaces TNF-Bearing Units". Computerworld . Vol. XV, no. 45. IDG Enterprise. pp. 1, 8.
  40. "IBM 3900 Series Continuous Forms | Argecy". www.argecy.com. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  41. "CROSS Customs Rulings Online Search System". rulings.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  42. "THE IBM 3900 ADVANCED FUNCTION PRINTER". IBM. 2 October 1990.
  43. IBM Highlights 1990-1995 (PDF). IBM. p. 16.
  44. Name (1992-07-07). "IBM AND HITACHI MAKE THEIR PRINTER ALLIANCE ANNOUNCEMENT". Tech Monitor. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  45. "A Laser Printer Book: 5. Printer Languages". As an early desktop laser printer language the capabilities of PCL 3 were very ..... The IBM 3812 was one of the first office laser printers produced by IBM
  46. "IBM RT PERSONAL COMPUTER". January 21, 1986. IBM 3812 Pageprinter
  47. 1 2 "IBM tabletop publishing". Computerworld . August 17, 1987. the documents can be printed by IBM 3812 and 3820
  48. "IBM 3812 PAGEPRINTER". IBM . 15 October 1985.
  49. "IBM 3812 PAGEPRINTER MODEL 2 PROVIDES ENHANCED SUPPORT, NEW ATTACHMENT FEATURES, AND MODEL CONVERSION FROM 3812 MODEL 1". IBM . 16 June 1987.
  50. "IBM 3812 PAGEPRINTER WITHDRAWAL FROM MARKETING". www-01.ibm.com. 1991-10-22. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  51. "US - IBM GDDM V2.3". IBM . February 7, 2007. 3816 electrostatic page printer, in simplex and duplex modes; 6185 plotter: 8 pen ..... ANS X3.124-1985, for the American National Standard ...... IBM 3812 and 3816 printers are only supported when connected via the 3270 ...
  52. "IBM 3816 PAGE PRINTER MODEL 01D". www-01.ibm.com. 1989-11-07. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  53. Raimondi, Donna (Feb 18, 1985). "IBM unveils laser printer". Computerworld. Retrieved Dec 12, 2019.
  54. "WITHDRAWAL: IBM 3820 PAGE PRINTER". www-01.ibm.com. 1993-11-16. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  55. "IBM 3825 PAGE PRINTER". www-01.ibm.com. 1989-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  56. 1 2 3 "WITHDRAWAL: IBM 3825 AND IBM 3827 PAGE PRINTERS". www-01.ibm.com. 1995-05-30. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  57. 1 2 "Danka Office Imaging Kodak EKTAPRINT 1392 Equivalent Cross-Reference Guide". www.precisionroller.com. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  58. "THE IBM 3828 ADVANCED FUNCTION MICR PRINTER". www-01.ibm.com. 1990-10-02. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  59. "HARDWARE WITHDRAWAL: IBM 3828 MICR, 3900-120, 3900-600, 3900-900, AND INFOPRINT 4000 FEATURES --". www-01.ibm.com. 1999-10-05. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  60. "IBM 3835 PAGE PRINTER". www-01.ibm.com. 1988-02-02. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  61. "IBM 3900 ADVANCED FUNCTION PRINTER". www.ibm.com. 1990-10-02. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  62. "IBM 3935 Advanced Function Printer". www-01.ibm.com. 1993-11-16. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  63. IBM Investor Relations. "IBM to sell printing systems division". ibm.com. Retrieved Dec 15, 2019.
  64. "InfoPrint Now Solely Ricoh's". Printing Impressions. July 2, 2010.