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Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. Postmodernist thinkers developed concepts like différance, repetition, trace, and hyperreality to subvert "grand narratives", univocity of being, and epistemic certainty. Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of power relationships, personalization, and discourse in the "construction" of truth and world views. Many postmodernists appear to deny that an objective reality exists, and appear to deny that there are objective moral values.
German philosophy, meaning philosophy in the German language or philosophy by German people, in its diversity, is fundamental for both the analytic and continental traditions. It covers figures such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle, and the Frankfurt School, who now count among the most famous and studied philosophers of all time. They are central to major philosophical movements such as rationalism, German idealism, Romanticism, dialectical materialism, existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, logical positivism, and critical theory. The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard is often also included in surveys of German philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, later von Schelling, was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his one-time university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is regarded as difficult because of its evolving nature.
German idealism is a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s, and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment. The period of German idealism after Kant is also known as post-Kantian idealism or simply post-Kantianism. One scheme divides German idealists into transcendental idealists, associated with Kant and Fichte, and absolute idealists, associated with Schelling and Hegel.
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A subset of absolute idealism, British idealism was a philosophical movement that was influential in Britain from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. The leading figures in the movement were T. H. Green (1836–1882), F. H. Bradley (1846–1924), and Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923). They were succeeded by the second generation of J. H. Muirhead (1855–1940), J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925), H. H. Joachim (1868–1938), A. E. Taylor (1869–1945), and R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943). The last major figure in the tradition was G. R. G. Mure (1893–1979). Doctrines of early British idealism so provoked the young Cambridge philosophers G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell that they began a new philosophical tradition, analytic philosophy.
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References
- 1 2 "Dr. Iain Grant". University of West England Staff Profiles. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ↑ Speculative Realism in Collapse: Journal of Philosophical Research and Development (Falmouth: Urbanomic, 2007), pp. 306-449.
- ↑ On an Artificial Earth: Philosophies of Nature After Schelling. London, New York 2006.
- ↑ ENR // AgencyND // University of Notre Dame (10 May 2007). "On an Artificial Earth: Philosophies of Nature after Schelling // Reviews // Philosophical Reviews // University of Notre Dame". Ndpr.nd.edu. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Dr Iain Grant - UWE Bristol".
- ↑ Lister, Martin; et al. (2003). New media : a critical introduction (Reprinted. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415223782.
- ↑ "A review of the book in the Notre Dame Philosophical Review". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ↑ Dunham, Jeremy; Grant, Iain Hamilton; Watson, Sean (2010). Idealism: A History of a Philosophy. Durham: Acumen Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781844652419.
- ↑ "Dr Iain Grant - UWE Bristol".
