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The Mughal Emperors who ruled South Asia from 1526 to 1857 used titles in the Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages. Sons of the emperors usually used the titles Shahzada and Mirza. The emperors used various titles such as Sultan, Shahanshah, Khan, Badshah, Ghazi, and various others.
Prince Shah Khurram, later called the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, (full title: Shahenshah Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Malik-ul-Sultanat, Ala Hazrat Abu'l-Muzaffar Shahab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Sahib-e-Qiran-e-Sani, Badshah-e-Ghazi Zillu'llah, Firdaus-Ashiyani, Shahenshah-E-Sultanat Ul-Hindiyyah Wal Mughaliyyah.)
[Persianized-Arabic transliterated pronunciation: Shāhenshāh as-Sulṭān al-’A‘aẓam wa-’l-Khāqān al-Mukarram, Māliku ’s-Sulṭānāt, ‘ala’ Ḥaḍrāt ’Abū ’l-Muẓaffar Shahābu-’ddin Muḥammad Shāh Jahān, Ṣāhib-i Qirān-i Thānī, Bādshāh Ghāzī Ẓillu’llah, Firdaws Āshiyānē, Shāhenshāhe-Sulṭānātu ’l-Hindiyyah wa-’l-Mughaliyyah]
Persianized-Arabic: شَاهَنْشَاه ٱلْسُّلْطَانُ ٱلْأَعْظَم وَٱلْخَاقَنُ ٱلْمُكَرَّمُ مَالِكُ ٱلْسُّلْطَنَات عَلَى حَضْرَات أَبو ٱلْمُظَفَّر شَهَابُ ٱلْدِّين مُحَمَّد شَاه جَهَان صَاحِبِ قِرَانِ ٱلْثَّانِي بادِشَاه غَازِى ظِلُّ ٱلله فِرْدَوس آشِيَانَه شَاهَنْشَاهِ سُلْطَنَاتُ ٱلْهِنْدِيَّه وَٱلْمُغَالِيَّه
A Persianized Arabic titles for the following:
1) Alam Panah/ Aalam Panaah or (translit.) ‘Aālam Panāh (عَالَم پَنَاه) meaning from the Arabic-Persian: "Realm/ World/ Cosmos/ Universe of Refuge/ Protection" (literary: "Protector of the Universe")
2) Jahan Panah/ Jahaan Panaah or (translit.) Jahān Panāh (جَهَان پَنَاه) meaning from the pure Persian: "Realm/ World/ Cosmos/ Universe of Refuge/ Protection" (literary: "Protector of the Universe")
This title means giver of peace (Persian : Panāh - پَنَاه) also "refuge/ protector", or the giver of refuge to the world (Persian, formerly Arabic: Alam/ pure Persian: Jahan).
Al-Sultan al-Azam (As-Sultwaanu-’l-’A‘azwam or (translit.) As-Sulṭānu ’l-’A‘aẓam (السُّلْطَانُ ٱلْأَعْظَمُ) is a Persianized Arabic imperial title meaning from the Arabic: "The Great or Most Mighty of Authority/ Sovereign/ Dominion". "Al - أَل" is an Arabic definite article meaning 'the', while Sultan (سُلْطَان) is a Persianized Arabic title (literally meaning Authority/ Sovereign/ Dominion) for autonomous rulers since the Abbasid era of Islamic history, while Azam (أَعْظَم), another Arabic word, means "Great or Most Mighty". The title was used by the early rulers of the Mughal Empire such as Babur, Humayun, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. The sixth emperor Aurangzeb is also reported to have held the title al-Sultan al-Azam. [1]
Badshah-e-Ghazi/Baadshaah-e Ghaazi or (translit.) Bādshāhe-Ghāzī', literary meaning of the Perso-Arabic imperial title: "Warrior Emperor". Badshah (بادِشَاه) is a Persian title meaning "Emperor/Monarch/Ruler" (literally meaning Lord or Master of Kings), often translated as Emperor, while Ghazi (غَازِى) meant in Arabic "conqueror" or an Islamic warrior.
This imperial title means "The Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction (صَاحِبِ قِرَان)" in Persianized Arabic and refers to a ruler whose horoscope features a particular conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, portending a reign of world-conquest and justice.
Formerly adopted from the Arabic, meaning "Companion/ Associate of (the) Conjunction [literary: apparent proximity of two heavenly bodies]" - explained in the next paragraph, whereas the Arabic words: 'ṣāḥib' - صَاحِبِ' meaning "companion/ associate" and 'qirān - قِرَان' meaning "conjunction of two heavenly bodies" is the plural of 'qarn - قَرْن' (literary meaning: 'junction - a point at which two or more things are joined').
The title has a long and varied history among Islamo-Persianate rulers, beginning with the Mongols and Mamluks and further developed under the Timurids. The Mughal emperors Shah Jahan and Akbar Shah II called themselves "Sahib-e Qiran-i Sani - (Arabic: Ṣāḥibi Qirāni Thānī/ Ath-Thānī - صَاحِبِ قِرَانِ ثَانِي\ ٱلْثَانِي)", which means "The Second Lord of Auspicious Conjunction", where "sani" is the adopted Arabic word for the cardinal "(the) second/ next" ["thānī" - ثَانِي]. The first Lord of Conjunction in this formulation is assumed to have been Alexander the Great, but it simultaneously references the progenitor of the Mughals, Timur, who was most famously described as the Sahib-e Qiran by Ibn Khaldun. Timur did not use this title himself, but the court historians of his successors routinely applied this title to him and his successors.
The royal title Shahenshah (شاهنشاه) is a Persian word meaning the "Emperor" or "King of Kings".
Al-Mukarram (ٱلْمُكَرَّمُ) meaning the Arabic title: "Honorable or Generous". Mukarram (مُکَرَّم) means 'possessor of the honorable or generous' or 'the honorable or the generous', in Urdu adopted from Arabic. The title al-Mukarram reportedly appeared on Aurangzeb's full imperial title. [1] Sometimes, the word al-Khaqan became a prefix for al-Mukarram in the form al-Khaqan al-Mukarram/Al-Khaaqaan Al-Mukarram or (translit.) Al-Khāqānu ’l-Mukarram (أَلْخَاقَانُ ٱلْمُكَرَّمُ). Khaqan or Khagan (خَاقَان) adopted from the Mongol ancestral roots of " khan (خَان)" meaning "leader" or "prince" - "descended" was an imperial Perso-Turkic Mongol title, used by the Mughal Emperors to show descent from the Khans.
Ẓillu’llah or (translit.)Zwillu’llah (ظِلُّ ٱلله) is an Arabic word-phrase meaning the Shadow or Shade of God (Allah - الله), literally "the Refuge of Allah".
Shahenshah-e-Sultanat Al-Hindiyyah or (translit.)Shāhenshāhe-Sulṭānātu ’l-Hindiyyahشَاهَنْشَاهِ سُلْطَنَاتُ ٱلْهِنْدِيَّه وَٱلْمُغَالِيَّه) is a Persianized Arabic imperial title meaning: "Emperor of the Sultanate of India. The title Sipahsalar was usually given to high Mughal generals. [1]
Firdaus Ashiyani/ Firdaws Aashiyaneh or Firdaws Āshiyānē (فِرْدَوس آشِيَانَه) is a Persianized Arabic imperial title meaning: "Domain of Paradise". "Firdaus – فِرْدَوس" for another word for "heaven" in Arabic, where the adopted English word form is " paradise " and the Persian "Ashiyaneh –آشِيَانَه" meaning "nest" or "domain". It was used for deceased emperors.
Muhi al-Din Muhammad, commonly known as Aurangzeb, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707. His regnal name is Alamgir I, which derived from his title, Abu al-Muzaffar Muhi-ad-Din Muhammad Bahadur Alamgir Aurangzeb Badshah al-Ghazi. Under his emperorship, Mughal India reached its greatest extent with territory spanning nearly the entirety of the Indian subcontinent.
Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim, known by his imperial name Jahangir, was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 till his death in 1627.
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram, also known as Shah Jahan I, was the fifth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1628 until 1658. During his reign, the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural and cultural achievements.
Shah is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Iranian monarchies. It was also used by a variety of Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, historical Afghan dynasties, and among Gurkhas. Rather than regarding himself as simply a king of the concurrent dynasty, each Iranian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah or Padishah in the sense of a continuation of the original Persian Empire.
Mirza Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan, better known by his title Jahandar Shah, was briefly the ninth Mughal emperor from 1712 to 1713. He was the son of emperor Bahadur Shah I, and the grandson of emperor Aurangzeb.
Jahanara Begum was a princess of the Mughal Empire. She was the second and the eldest surviving child of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.
Nawab, also spelled Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab, is a royal title indicating a sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the western title of Prince. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor. In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi-autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire, for example the Nawabs of Bengal.
Padishah, sometimes romanised as padeshah, patshah, padshah or badshah, is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.
Mirza is a name of Persian origin. It is used as a surname or prefix to identify patriarchal lineage. It is derived from the term Mirzadeh (میرزادہ).
Shah Jahan II, born Mirza Rafi-ud-Daulah, was briefly the twelfth Mughal emperor in 1719.
ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd Lāhūrī was a 17th-century traveller and historian during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahān who later became a court historian for the emperor. He wrote the Pādshāh-nāma, the official chronicle of the Shah Jahān's reign. He has described Shah Jahān's life and activities during the first twenty years of his reign in this book in great detail. Infirmities of old age prevented him from proceeding with the third decade, which was later chronicled by Muḥammad Wārith, his pupil.
Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Lahori was a noted Punjabi Muslim calligraphist and official biographer of Emperor Shah Jahan and the teacher of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Though a widely read person, little is known of the life of Muhammad Saleh Kamboh other than the works he composed. He was son of Mir Abdu-lla, Mushkin Kalam, whose title shows him to also have been a fine writer. He is believed to be younger brother of Inayat-Allah Kamboh and worked as a Shahi Dewan (Minister) with the governor of Lahore. He held the title of Sipahsalar.
Narnala Fort or Narnala Qila Sarkar, also known as Shahnoor Fort, is a hill fortress in the Satpura Range of Vidarbh, Maharashtra, India, named after the Rajput Solanki Chaulukya Ruler, Raja Narnal Singh, also known as Narnal Singh Swami. It was renamed as "Shahnoor" by Islamic rulers but again acquired, rebuilt and got its name "Narnala" by ruler Rao Rana Narnal Singh Solanki, who migrated from Patan in Gujarat.
Khawaja Abid Khan Siddiqi, or Nawab Khawaja Abid Siddiqi, better known as Kilich Khan, was a Nawab and military general under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He was a loyal general of the Mughal Empire. He was the father of the Mughal general Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I and the grandfather of Mir Qamar-ud-din Siddiqi, Asaf Jah I. Kilich Khan was a descendant of Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph.
Ispahsālār or sipahsālār, in Arabic rendered as isfahsalār (إسفهسلار) or iṣbahsalār (إصبهسلار), was a title used in much of the Islamic world during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic general officer rank.
Mirza Sipihr Shikoh also known as Sipihr Shukoh, was a Mughal prince as the fourth son of Crown Prince Dara Shikoh and his consort Nadira Banu Begum.
Sahib Jamal was the wife of Prince Salim, the future Mughal emperor Jahangir and the mother of his second son, Prince Parviz.
Padshah Begum was a superlative imperial title conferred upon the empress consort or 'First Lady' of the Mughal Empire and was considered to be the most important title in the Mughal harem or zenana. This title can be equivalent with "empress" in English, but in only approximate terms in the Mughal context.
Miangul Abdul Wadud was the Wāli of Swat from 1926 until his abdication in 1949. A grandson of the Akhund of Swat, he was elected as ruler of Swat by a loya jirga in November 1918 and was formally recognized as Wāli of Swat on 3 May 1926 by the British authorities. He ruled from 1918 to 1949, when he abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Miangul Jahan Zeb.
Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments is a book written in Persian by Dr Ali Asghar Hekmat E Shirazi and published in 1956 and 1958 and 2013. New edition contains the Persian texts of more than 200 epigraphical inscriptions found on historical monuments in India, many of which are currently listed as national heritage sites or registered as UNESCO world heritage, published in Persian; an English edition is also being printed.