Indigenous data governance

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Data governance in the context of Indigenous data involves supporting the data interests, gaps and priorities of Indigenous peoples, in order to enable Indigenous self-determination. [1] Generally, data governance refers to who has ownership, control and access over the use of data. [1] Indigenous data governance requires the data to surround Indigenous peoples and its purpose to reflect Indigenous needs and priorities, rather than omitting Indigenous peoples in the production of Indigenous data. [2]

Contents

Overview

Indigenous data governance is key in enabling Indigenous self-determinism and rebuilding strong Indigenous nations.[ editorializing ] Oftentimes, Indigenous peoples do not have access to relevant Indigenous data. Currently[ when? ] in Canada, much information on Indigenous peoples are considered government data that fall under Crown copyright, limiting access to relevant data such as archeological sites that are of significance to Indigenous nations. [3] Thus, Indigenous data that lacks strong data governance often misrepresent Indigenous peoples, help inform policies that have discriminatory impacts on Indigenous peoples, and uphold colonial practices. [2]

Definition of Indigenous data

Indigenous data can include knowledge and information on census, health and other administrative data about Indigenous peoples, information on the environment, non-humans and resources, and information on cultural heritage such as oral histories, clan knowledge and cultural sites. [4] Indigenous data be produced by Indigenous people, governments, other institutions, and corporations. [4] In terms of rebuilding Indigenous nations, Indigenous data can be useful for tribal governments when making decisions about their resources and communities. [5]

Indigenous data sovereignty

Companies and states often have the power in deciding what kind of data is produced and for what purposes. [6] Data sovereignty in the context of Indigenous data is about ensuring that Indigenous people have a say in the data that is produced about them, how this data is shared and the purpose behind sharing the data. [6] Data sovereignty holds significance for Indigenous peoples, as marginalized groups of people, because it allows them to protect their land, cultural heritage and knowledge. [6]

Indigenous data sovereignty has received formal recognition from the United Nations through the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). [7] UNDRIP was formed by the United Nations in 2007. [4] UNDRIP provides a universal framework of human rights standards that should be met in relation to Indigenous peoples, in addition to existing human rights standards. [8]

CARE principles

An early framework that addressed the lack of Indigenous peoples authority in the production of Indigenous data was the First Nations Principles of OCAP. [9] More recently, The CARE principles of Indigenous data governance have been created by the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA 2019) as a framework for open data initiatives in incorporating Indigenous data sovereignty. [7] The CARE principles are an extension of the FAIR principles of open data, which focus on increasing data sharing and data accessibility devoid of historical context and power dynamics. [10] In contrast to the FAIR principles of open data, the CARE principles are people and purpose oriented rather than data oriented, and are rooted in Indigenous world views. [7] [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span> Declaration adopted in 2007 by the United Nations General Assembly

The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a legally non-binding resolution passed by the United Nations in 2007. It delineates and defines the individual and collective rights of Indigenous peoples, including their ownership rights to cultural and ceremonial expression, identity, language, employment, health, education, and other issues. Their ownership also extends to the protection of their intellectual and cultural property. The Declaration "emphasizes the rights of Indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions, and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations." It "prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples," and it "promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development".

Indigenous intellectual property is a term used in national and international forums to describe intellectual property that is "collectively owned" by various Indigenous peoples, and by extension, their legal rights to protect specific such property. This property includes cultural knowledge of their groups and many aspects of their cultural heritage and knowledge, including that held in oral history. In Australia, the term Indigenous cultural and intellectual property, abbreviated as ICIP, is commonly used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ken Coates (historian)</span> Canadian historian

Ken Coates is a Canadian historian focused on the history of the Canadian North and Aboriginal rights and indigenous claims. His other areas of specialization include Arctic sovereignty; science, technology and society, with an emphasis on Japan; world and comparative history; and post-secondary education. Coates is a professor and Canada Research Chair in Regional Innovation, Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, and Director, International Centre for Northern Governance and Development at the University of Saskatchewan. In 2015, Coates was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) is aimed to establish bottom-up participation and consultation of an indigenous population prior to the beginning of development on ancestral land or using resources in an indigenous population's territory. Indigenous people have a special connection to their land and resources and inhabit one fifth of the earth's surface. Such areas are environmentally rich in both renewable and non-renewable resources. The collective ownership style of most indigenous peoples conflicts with the modern global market and its continuous need for resources and land. To protect indigenous peoples' rights, international human rights law has created processes and standards to safeguard their way of life and to encourage participation in the decision-making process. One such method is the process of FPIC. There is criticism that many international conventions and treaties require consultation, not consent, which is a much higher threshold. Without the requirement for consent, indigenous people cannot veto government projects and developments in their area that directly affect their lives and cultures. FPIC allows indigenous peoples to have the right to self-determination and self-governance in national and local government decision-making processes over projects that concern their lives and resources.

The International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change (IIFPCC) is the representative body of indigenous peoples participating in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Data sovereignty is the idea that data are subject to the laws and governance structures of the nation where they are collected. The concept of data sovereignty is closely linked with data security, cloud computing, network sovereignty and technological sovereignty. Unlike technological sovereignty, which is vaguely defined and can be used as an umbrella term in policymaking, data sovereignty is specifically concerned with questions surrounding the data itself. Data sovereignty as the idea that data is subject to the laws and governance structures within one nation is usually discussed in two ways: in relation to Indigenous groups and Indigenous autonomy from post-colonial states or in relation to transnational data flow. With the rise of cloud computing, many countries have passed various laws around control and storage of data, which all reflects measures of data sovereignty. More than 100 countries have some sort of data sovereignty laws in place. With self-sovereign identity (SSI) the individual identity holders can fully create and control their credentials, although a nation can still issue a digital identity in that paradigm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Big data ethics</span> Ethics of mass data analytics

Big data ethics also known as simply data ethics refers to systemizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct in relation to data, in particular personal data. Since the dawn of the Internet the sheer quantity and quality of data has dramatically increased and is continuing to do so exponentially. Big data describes this large amount of data that is so voluminous and complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them. Recent innovations in medical research and healthcare, such as high-throughput genome sequencing, high-resolution imaging, electronic medical patient records and a plethora of internet-connected health devices have triggered a data deluge that will reach the exabyte range in the near future. Data ethics is of increasing relevance as the quantity of data increases because of the scale of the impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FAIR data</span> Data compliant with the terms of the FAIR Data Principles

FAIR data are data which meet principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability (FAIR). The acronym and principles were defined in a March 2016 paper in the journal Scientific Data by a consortium of scientists and organizations.

Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework (RIIRF) is a legislation and policy initiative intended to be undertaken in "full partnership with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples" that was announced during a speech in the House of Commons of Canada by Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau on February 14, 2018. It was "meant to enshrine the Constitution's section 35, which affirms Aboriginal rights, in federal law, allowing First Nations to reconstitute their governance structures outside the Indian Act."

<i>United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act</i> (Canada)

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act is a law enacted by the Parliament of Canada and introduced during the second session of the 43rd Canadian Parliament in 2020. The legislation establishes a legal framework and timeline to bring Canadian law into alignment with the United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).

The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance were created to advance the legal principles underlying collective and individual data rights in the context of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). CARE was created by the International Indigenous Data Sovereignty Interest Group, a group that is a part of the Research Data Alliance.

Indigenous librarianship is a distinct field of librarianship that brings Indigenous approaches to areas such as knowledge organization, collection development, library and information services, language and cultural practices, and education. The Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences states that Indigenous librarianship emerged as a "distinct field of practice and an arena for international scholarship in the late twentieth century bolstered by a global recognition of the value and vulnerability of Indigenous knowledge systems, and of the right of Indigenous peoples to control them."

Data imaginaries are a form of cultural imaginary related to social conceptions of data, a concept that comes from the field of critical data studies. A data imaginary is a particular framing of data that defines what data are and what can be done with them. Imaginaries are produced by social institutions and practices and they influence how people understand and use the object of the imaginary, in this case data.

The OCAP principles are a set of rules relating to any data concerning First Nations that are being researched and shared about the community. These principles play a critical role in First Nations communities that allow them to gain Ownership, Control, Access, and Possessions of all data being produced about them. It is designed to stop the spread of misinformation that is being released to the public. The principles could be looked at as a political response to colonialism to minimize harm done to the communities.

The data divide is the unequal relationship between those capable of collecting, storing, mining, and general management of immense volumes of data, and those whose data is collected. Using the framework of the digital divide, the data divide posits that the evolving nature of data and big data has created divisions and inequalities in data ownership, access, analysis, collection, and the manipulation of personal data generated by information and communications technologies (ICTs).

A data ecosystem is the complex environment of co-dependent networks and actors that contribute to data collection, transfer and use. They can span across sectors - such as healthcare or finance, to inform one another's practices. A data ecosystem often consists of numerous data assemblages. Research into data ecosystems has developed in response to the rapid proliferation and availability of information through the web, which has contributed to the commodification of data.

Data decolonization is the process of divesting from colonial, hegemonic models and epistemological frameworks that guide the collection, usage, and dissemination of data related to Indigenous peoples and nations, instead prioritising and centering Indigenous paradigms, frameworks, values, and data practices. Data decolonization is guided by the belief that data pertaining to Indigenous people should be owned and controlled by Indigenous people, a concept that is closely linked to data sovereignty, as well as the decolonization of knowledge.

Data universalism is an epistemological framework that assumes a single universal narrative of any dataset without any consideration of geographical borders and social contexts. This assumption is enabled by a generalized approach in data collection. Data are used in universal endeavours across social, political, and physical sciences unrestricted from their local source and people. Data are gathered and transformed into a mutual understanding of knowing the world which forms theories of knowledge. One of many fields of critical data studies explores the geologies and histories of data by investigating data assemblages and tracing data lineage which unfolds data histories and geographies (p.35). This reveals intersections of data politics, praxes, and powers at play which challenges data universalism as a misguided concept.

Data care refers to treating people and their private information fairly and with dignity. Data has progressively become more and more utilized in our society all over the world. When it comes to securely storing a medical patient's data, an employee's data, or a citizen's private data. The concept of data care emerged from the increase of data usage over the years, it is a term used to describe the act of treating people and their data with care and respect. This concept elaborates on how caring for people's data is the responsibility of those who govern data, for example, businesses and policy makers. Along with how to care for it in an ethical manner, while keeping in mind the people that the data belongs to. And discussing the concept of 'slow computing' on how this can be properly utilized to help in creating and maintaining proper data care.

Indigenous statistics is a quantitative research method specific to Indigenous people. It can be better understood as an Indigenous quantitative methodology. Indigenous quantitative methodologies include practices, processes, and research that are done through an Indigenous lens.

References

  1. 1 2 Kukutai, T. and Taylor, J. (eds), Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Towards An Agenda. Australian National University Press, Canberra, p. 154
  2. 1 2 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. p. 92. ISBN   978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC   1285687714.
  3. ↑ Gupta, Neha; Blair, Sue; Nicholas, Ramona (2020-02-20). "What We See, What We Don't See: Data Governance, Archaeological Spatial Databases and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in an Age of Big Data". Journal of Field Archaeology. 45 (sup1): S39–S50. doi: 10.1080/00934690.2020.1713969 . ISSN   0093-4690. S2CID   213024460.
  4. 1 2 3 Carroll, Stephanie Russo; Garba, Ibrahim; Figueroa-Rodríguez, Oscar L.; Holbrook, Jarita; Lovett, Raymond; Materechera, Simeon; Parsons, Mark; Raseroka, Kay; Rodriguez-Lonebear, Desi; Rowe, Robyn; Sara, Rodrigo; Walker, Jennifer D.; Anderson, Jane; Hudson, Maui (2020-11-04). "The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance". Data Science Journal. 19: 43. doi: 10.5334/dsj-2020-043 . ISSN   1683-1470. S2CID   228468384.
  5. ↑ Carroll, Stephanie Russo; Rodriguez-Lonebear, Desi; Martinez, Andrew (2019-07-08). "Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations". Data Science Journal. 18 (1): 31. doi:10.5334/dsj-2019-031. ISSN   1683-1470. PMC   8580324 . PMID   34764990.
  6. 1 2 3 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. p. 294. ISBN   978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC   1285687714.
  7. 1 2 3 Kitchin, Rob (2022). The data revolution : a critical analysis of big data, open data & data infrastructures (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA. p. 295. ISBN   978-1-5297-3375-4. OCLC   1285687714.
  8. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". United Nations For Indigenous Peoples. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  9. ↑ Walter, Maggie; Suina, Michele (2019-05-04). "Indigenous data, indigenous methodologies and indigenous data sovereignty". International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 22 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1080/13645579.2018.1531228. ISSN   1364-5579. S2CID   149962887.
  10. 1 2 "CARE Principles of Indigenous Data Governance — Global Indigenous Data Alliance". 2021-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
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