Individualized medicine

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Individualized medicine tailors treatment to a single patient. The term refers to an individual, truly personalized medicine that strives to treat each patient on the basis of his own individual biology.

Contents

Individualized medicine represents a further individualization of personalized medicine. While the latter is aimed at a specific group of patients, individualized medicine deals with the individual circumstances of a single person. Thus, individualized medicine goes one step further and can be considered as an increase in personalized medicine.

Individualized medicine seeks to derive tailored therapies for individuals by taking into account a person's genes as well as the full range of that person's unique nature, including biological, physiological and anatomical information.

Background

Individualized medicine was first mentioned in the literature in 2003 and described the individual drug metabolism in pharmacogenomics. [1] [2] Subsequently, the term was used to improve diagnosis based on genetic differences and physiological information and to better tailor the treatment to the needs of a single patient. [3] [4] [2]

More recently, a second context has been introduced that relates to therapeutic approaches that use a person's own cell material to develop a treatment that is unique to the patient from whom the material originated. [2] Examples are stem-cell therapies [5] and cancer vaccines, [6] which are based on individually distinct molecular profiles. [7] [8]

Genome research

Genome research has led to new resources that allow more accurate diagnosis and disease management to be tailored to each patient. [2] The challenge of health research is to maximize therapeutic efficacy for each patient while minimizing side effects. An individual medicine approach may be required for those patients who cannot be categorized by mainstream personalized medicine or who suffer diseases without effective drug therapies. The widespread use of advanced imaging techniques and high-throughput technologies that allow for the in-depth study of genes, proteins, and metabolites provides a better understanding of the molecular processes involved in the origin and progression of a disease. [2] Along with other information, these data form the basis for the development of new diagnostic technologies and treatment approaches that are customized for each individual patient.

Individualized medicine in oncology

Individualized medicine is playing an increasingly important role, especially in oncology, given that cancers can be extremely heterogeneous between individual patients and within the tumor itself. [9] For example, individualized cancer immunotherapy with the production of vaccines tailored to match a person's individual constellation of cancer mutations, the mutanome, has become a new field of research. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Each patient has an individual mutational signature, and only a very small portion of the mutations are shared between patients. [21] [12] The aim of individualized medicine is to optimize the treatment strategy for a single patient using genetic information as well as molecular and cellular analyzes.

Related Research Articles

Immunotherapy or biological therapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression immunotherapies. Immunotherapy is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personalized medicine</span> Medical model that tailors medical practices to the individual patient

Personalized medicine, also referred to as precision medicine, is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. The terms personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably to describe this concept though some authors and organisations use these expressions separately to indicate particular nuances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centromere protein B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclin-dependent kinase 7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7, or cell division protein kinase 7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK7 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SSX2</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Protein SSX2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSX2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SSX4 (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein SSX4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSX4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UTP14A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 14 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP14A gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SDCCAG8</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDCCAG8 gene. This protein localizes to the centrioles.

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is the transfer of cells into a patient. The cells may have originated from the patient or from another individual. The cells are most commonly derived from the immune system with the goal of improving immune functionality and characteristics. In autologous cancer immunotherapy, T cells are extracted from the patient, genetically modified and cultured in vitro and returned to the same patient. Comparatively, allogeneic therapies involve cells isolated and expanded from a donor separate from the patient receiving the cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hans-Georg Rammensee</span>

Hans-Georg Rammensee is a German immunologist and cancer researcher. He has been Chair Professor and Head of the Department of Immunology at the University of Tübingen since 1996. Rammensee has contributed essentially to the research fields of MHC biology and tumor immunology and to the development of cancer immunotherapies.

The mutanome is the entirety of somatic cancer mutations in an individual tumor.

Neoepitopes are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) bounded peptides. They represent the antigenic determinants of neoantigens. Neoepitopes are recognized by the immune system as targets for T cells and can elicit immune response to cancer.

Individualized cancer immunotherapy, also referred to as individualized immuno-oncology, is a novel concept for therapeutic cancer vaccines that are truly personalized to a single individual.

mRNA vaccine Type of vaccine

An mRNAvaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells. The mRNA is delivered by a co-formulation of the RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells.

Edward F. Fritsch is a scientist in the field of molecular biology and cancer immunology.

RNA therapeutics are a new class of medications based on ribonucleic acid (RNA). Research has been working on clinical use since the 1990s, with significant success in cancer therapy in the early 2010s. In 2020 and 2021, mRNA vaccines have been developed globally for use in combating the coronavirus disease. The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was the first mRNA vaccine approved by a medicines regulator, followed by the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uğur Şahin</span> German oncologist (born 1965)

Uğur Şahin is a Turkish-German oncologist and immunologist. He is the Founder and CEO of BioNTech, which developed one of the major vaccines against COVID-19. His main fields of research are cancer research and immunology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Özlem Türeci</span> German physician, scientist and entrepreneur

Özlem Türeci is a Turkish-German physician, scientist and entrepreneur. In 2008, she co-founded the biotechnology company BioNTech, which in 2020 developed the first messenger RNA-based vaccine approved for use against COVID-19. Türeci has served as BioNTech's chief medical officer since 2018. Since 2021, she has been Professor of Personalized Immunotherapy at the Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) and Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. Türeci and her spouse, Uğur Şahin, have won a number of awards.

A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues. modRNA is used to induce the production of a desired protein in certain cells. An important application is the development of mRNA vaccines, of which the first authorized were COVID-19 vaccines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alberto Bardelli</span> Italian geneticist

Alberto Bardelli is an Italian geneticist and cancer researcher, expert in the field of precision medicine. He is a full professor of histology at the Department of Oncology, University of Turin and Scientific Director of IFOM, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Pokorska-Bocci, A; Stewart, A; Sagoo, GS; Hall, A; Kroese, M; Burton, H (2014). "'Personalized medicine': what's in a name?". Personalized Medicine. 11 (2): 197–210. doi:10.2217/pme.13.107. PMID   29751382.
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