Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 20 October 1930. For every twenty thousand male citizens, one Member of Parliament was elected to the Chamber of Deputies(Majlis an-Nuwwab), the dominant chamber of Parliament over the Senate. It was the third election since the establishment of the parliament.
The Council of Representatives is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Iraq. It is currently composed of 329 seats and meets in Baghdad inside the Green Zone.
Nuri al-Said, who was appointed as Prime Minister on 23 March 1930, gathered his supporters to win a total of 70 seats, surpassing the seats needed for a majority by 25 and increasing the number of seats won in the 1928 election by 4. The opposition's People's Party had a large drop, losing 9 seats which resulted in them being a dominated minority in the council. Also, five seats were won by Independent politicians.
Nuri Pasha al-Said was an Iraqi politician during the British Mandate of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq. He held various key cabinet positions and served fourteen terms as Prime Minister of Iraq.
The Prime Minister of Iraq is the head of government of Iraq. The Prime Minister was originally an appointed office, subsidiary to the head of state, and the nominal leader of the Iraqi parliament. Under the newly adopted constitution the Prime Minister is the country's active executive authority. Nouri al-Maliki was selected to be Prime Minister on 21 April 2006. On 14 August 2014, al-Maliki agreed to step down as prime minister of Iraq to allow Haider al-Abadi to take his place. On 25 October 2018, Adil Abdul-Mahdi was sworn into office five months after the 2018 elections.
According to the Electing Law and the Basic Law of 1925, all Iraqi male citizens over the age of 18 on the date of the election were permitted to vote. In the parliamentary elections, voting took place in all parliamentary constituencies, where the preliminary electors elected secondary electors, who in turn elected members of the parliament (MPs) to seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Each parliamentary constituency of Iraq elected one MP to the Council of Representatives using the Indirect election system. If one party obtained the majority of seats, that party was entitled to form the Government.
An indirect election is an election in which voters do not choose between candidates for an office, but elect people who then choose. It is one of the oldest forms of elections, and is still used today for many presidents, cabinets, upper houses, and supranational legislatures. Presidents and prime ministers can be indirectly elected by parliaments or by a special body convened solely for that purpose. The election of the executive government in most parliamentary systems is indirect: elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the government including most prominently the prime minister from among themselves. Upper houses, especially of federal republics, can be indirectly elected by state legislatures or state governments. Similarly, supranational legislatures can be indirectly elected by constituent countries' legislatures or executive governments.
Timetable
The key dates were:
Tuesday 1 July
Dissolution of the 2nd Parliament
Thursday 10 July
Start of the preliminary election
Wednesday 10 September
End of the preliminary election
Monday 20 October
Election day
Saturday 1 November
Opening of Parliament
Background
Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun, leader of the Progress Party
During Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun's second term as a Prime Minister, after the 1925 election, he founded the Progress Party to support the government and get an overall majority.[1]KingFaisal I wanted to remove Al-Saadoun from his office after the latter's tries to reduce the king's authorities,[2] in which he succeeded by getting the majority of the council to vote for a different speaker than the one that was nominated by the government, resulting in his resignation.[3] He was also concerned that he had too many allies in the British government and had the trust of the High Commissioner, so he made his two loyal men, Nuri al-Said and Jafar al-Askari, join his party and sabotage it.[4]
Faisal I bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi was King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria or Greater Syria in 1920, and was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 to 1933. He was the third son of Hussein bin Ali, the Grand Sharif of Mecca, who had proclaimed himself King of the Arab lands in October 1916.
Ja'far Pasha al-Askari served twice as prime minister of Iraq: from November 22, 1923, to August 3, 1924; and from November 21, 1926, to December 31, 1927.
After the resignation of Naji al-Suwaydi's ministry, in 1930, Faisal I appointed Nuri al-Said as the Prime Minister who postponed the meetings of the Progress Party dominated council so he could insure the approval of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930) by the council before dissolving it on 1 July, after signing the treaty, arguing that treaty will put Iraq in a new political situation, so it would be wise to seek the people's opinion about the treaty.[5] The MPs objected and filed a complaint to the king, stating that the dissolution of the council violates the law and requesting the appointment of a new neutral ministry.[6]
Naji al-Suwaydi was an Iraqi politician who served as Prime Minister from November 1929 to March 1930.
The opposition's National Party held a meeting, where their leader, Jaafar Abu Al-Timman, decided to boycott the election and called upon the people to boycott it as well but not many agreed with this decision and most of the party's followers attended the polling stations because the opposition's other party, People's Party, participated in it.[7][8]
Campaign
Pro-government
To guarantee the Sheikhs' loyalty, the government started giving them lands in the outskirts of cities and villages, and threatened to kick its people out if necessary.[9] They took advantage of the country's financial hardship and need to organize the employees of the state's departments to announce a law that gives the authority of firing employees from their jobs to the Prime Minister, hinting that the firing will depend on the employee's political stance.[10] During the preliminary election, Nuri al-Said did a tour in governorates of Basra, Hilla, Diwaniya, and Muntafiq where he, directly, presented the names of his supporters' candidates to the governors, inspectors, and administrators.[11]
On the day of the election, taking advantage of the financial hardship once again, al-Said stated that the relations with London went beyond political affairs and that he succeeded in guaranteeing a sum of more than 50,000,000 rupees to be added to the treasury. He also stated that the government will lower the price of fuel, especially for farmers.[11]
People's Party
The only electoral activity that the opposition's party participated in was a speech by Yasin al-Hashimi, on the day before the election day, to the secondary electors, in which he criticized the government, claiming that they would rationalize anything for the sake of getting a majority in the parliament to approve on the treaty. He also stated that the opposition is getting shamed by the government for the unification of their word and that their views were disregarded considering the treaty.[12]
Governmental interferences
Before the election, the government elected British inspection bodies to monitor the election, which was widely refused by the opposition, stating that the government doesn't fight for a majority, they just get an artificial one.[13] At the same time, the Ministry of Interior summoned the governors that the government doubted their intentions to Baghdad and assigned undersecretaries during the election to, allegedly, hold a meeting that discusses the candidature of the representatives, to make sure that the governors who support the outgoing Minister of Finance who resigned, Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, don't switch to the opposition's side.[14] The government also coordinated with the British via the consultant of the Ministry of Interior who requested from the inspection bodies across the governorates to supply them with lists of the candidates and the possibility of them voting in favor of the treaty, against it, and the dubitable ones.[11]
Due to the treaty not mentioning the Kurds' privileges, the citizens in Sulaymaniyah boycotted the election and soon after that, on 6 September, more than fifty people began a riot where they assaulted the police and the army, resulting in the death of a soldier and 13 rioters, the injury of ten police officers and two soldiers, and the detention of more than a hundred rioters.[15] The inspection bodies also forced some of the people that boycotted the election in Shawkah into participating in the election by faking a funeral in a mosque, which they went to.[7]
Upon the resignation of Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi from the Ministry of Finance, Nuri al-Said nominated the Minister of Interior, Jamil al-Midfai, for the ministry so the former could take the Ministry of Interior, especially after al-Midfai objected on some of the government's candidates and suggested other people that al-Said didn't see fit, along with the British government's doubts surrounding him and the expectation of him helping his friend, Yasin al-Hashimi, to obtain the majority. Al-Said eventually held the Ministry of Interior on 10 October.[16] He also requested from his candidates to pledge and swear on voting in favor of the treaty.[17][18]
Al-Said tried to divide the National Party which boycotted the election by winning Bahjat Zeenal to his side, taking advantage of their friendship, and Mohammed Mahdi Al-Baseer who was given a scholarship to Cairo[19] One of the party's leading members, Abdul-Ghafour Al-Badri, was threatened by a retired military officer that he would eliminate him which made him resign from the party.[20]
The People's Party filed a number of complaints to the king of the illegitimacy of the election, published the names of the people who boycotted the election in the newspapers, called for a working strike, and organized demonstrations, which were suppressed by the government.[21]
↑ Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Iraq for the year 1930. London. 1930
The Nationalist Democratic Assembly is a political party in Bahrain. It is the Bahraini regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. The party is led by Secretary General Hassan Ali and Deputy Secretary General Mahmoud Kassab. It was established by Bahrainis who had studied in Ba'athist Iraq during the 1960s and 1970s. The party boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election but not the 2006 election. The 2011 parliamentary by-election was boycotted by the party in solidarity with the Bahraini uprising. It is headquartered in Zinj.
Fumio Iwai, is a Japanese politician who currently serves as the Ambassador of Japan to Iraq.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 12 May 2018. The elections decided the 329 members of the Council of Representatives, the country's unicameral legislature, who in turn will elect the Iraqi President and Prime Minister. The Iraqi parliament ordered a manual recount of the results on 6 June 2018. On 10 June 2018, a storage site housing roughly half of the ballots from the May parliamentary election caught fire.
Great Mosque of Amadiya is a historic mosque in the town of Amadiya, Iraqi Kurdistan. It was first founded in 1177 during the Abbasid era, and has been renovated several times throughout its history.
The Imam al-Bahir Mosque was a historic mosque located in the city of Mosul, Iraq. The mosque was commissioned by the Zangid ruler Badr al-Din Lu'lu' in the same year of his death.
Was a failed attempt to overthrown the Iraqi president Abdul Rahman Arif and the prime minister of the Iraqi government Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz by the Iraqi previous prime minister Arif Abd ar-Razzaq and other Iraqi air force and army officers supported by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser after his first failed attempt against Abdul Salam Arif in 1965.The coup was foiled in Mosul by Khaleel Jassim and his Iraqi commando unit.
Elections to a Constituent Assembly were held in Iraq between 24 October 1922 and 25 February 1924, electing the country's first parliament. The Constituent Assembly was elected to draft a constitution, legislate a law for general elections, and ratify the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq in 1925, the first under the 1925 constitution. After the elections, Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun became Prime Minister for the second time and founded the Progress Party to support the government and gain a parliamentary majority.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq in 1928, with the final day of voting on 9 May. They were the second elections under the 1925 constitution. There were many complaints about the integrity of the elections and the way the government handled them, with some candidates collating evidence of vote manipulation. The opposition Independence Party and Iraqi National Party wrote a letter to the British Prime Minister complaining about the Iraqi government's violation of electoral law, demanding an investigation, and offering to pay for its cost. Nevertheless, the newly elected council convened on 13 May 1928 and elected Abdul-Aziz Al-Qassab, the interior minister in Al-Saadoun government, as Speaker.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq in 1933. Although the Government Bloc led by incumbent Prime Minister Naji Shawkat won the most seats, it quickly disintegrated after the elections, allowing Rashid Ali al-Gaylani to become Prime Minister.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 6 December 1934.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 4 August 1935.
Jafar Abu al-Timman was an Iraqi politician.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq between 10 December 1936 and 20 February 1937.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 18 December 1937.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq between 20 August and 5 October 1943. The election of the secondary voters was held between 20 and 31 August 1943, whilst the election of the members of parliament was held on 5 October 1943.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 29 April 1939.
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq between 21 November 1946 and 10 March 1947.
A referendum was held in Mandatory Iraq between 16 July and 11 August 1921 to determine the form of government and head of state.
References
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Mohammed, Alaa Jasim. (1990). الملك فيصل الاول: حياته ودوره السياسي في الثورة العربية وسورية والعراق 1888–1933. Baghdad: Al-Yaqatha Al-Arabiya Press. INLA227541(in Arabic)
Al-Hassani, Abdul-Razzaq. (1982). تاريخ الوزارات العراقية في العهد الملكي – الجزء الثاني. Baghdad: Al-Yaqatha Al-Arabiya Press. INLA122750(in Arabic)
Al-Hassani, Abdul-Razzaq. (1982). تاريخ الوزارات العراقية في العهد الملكي – الجزء الثالث. Baghdad: Al-Yaqatha Al-Arabiya Press. INLA122754(in Arabic)
Al-Naseeri, Abdul-Razzaq. (1987). نوري السعيد ودوره في السياسة العراقية حتى عام 1932. Baghdad: Times Company. INLA141614(in Arabic)
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