Isaac Ehrlich | |
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Born | 1938 (age 85–86) |
Academic background | |
Education | |
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Discipline | Economics |
Institutions |
Isaac Ehrlich (born 1938 in Israel) is an American economist. He has done research in the economics of crime and law enforcement and the economics of deterrence,including the death penalty and its deterrent effects. Ehrlich has served as the Chair of the Department of Economics at the State University of New York at Buffalo since 2000.
His papers on participation in illegitimate activities,corruption and economic growth,insurance and self-protection,the economics of health and longevity,and the death penalty are widely cited. He is widely regarded as an authority on the economics of crime and the death penalty,although his claims regarding the latter has been vigorously challenged. [1] [2] [3] He is also one of the leading authorities on the economics of human capital and serves as the founding Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Human Capital,published by the University of Chicago Press. [4]
He is a SUNY and UB Distinguished Professor and holds the Melvin H. Baker Chair of American Enterprise at the University of Buffalo,SUNY. [5] [6] [7] He holds a PhD from Columbia University and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Orleans,France,which was awarded to him for his contributions to economic sciences. Ehrlich also served as a member of the US Presidential Health Policy Advisory group and the Transition Team on Health Policy for President Ronald Reagan,the Hong Kong Government's Health Services Research Committee headed by Secretary Elizabeth Wong,and the Council of Economic Advisors of New York State Governor David A. Paterson.
Capital punishment,also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide,is the state-sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime,usually following an authorised,rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant said punishment. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence,and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically,the term capital refers to execution by beheading,but executions are carried out by many methods,including hanging,shooting,lethal injection,stoning,electrocution,and gassing.
The State University of New York at Buffalo,commonly called the University at Buffalo (UB) and sometimes called SUNY Buffalo,is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst,New York,United States. The university was founded in 1846 as a private medical college and merged with the State University of New York system in 1962. It is one of the two flagship institutions of the SUNY system. As of fall 2020,the university enrolled 32,347 students in 13 schools and colleges,making it the largest public university in the state of New York.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in China. It is commonly applied for murder and drug trafficking,and is a legal penalty for other offenses. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or by shooting. In a survey conducted by the New York Times in 2014,it was found the death penalty retained widespread support in Chinese society.
Capital punishment in India is a legal penalty for some crimes under the country's main substantive penal legislation,the Indian Penal Code,as well as other laws. Executions are carried out by hanging as the primary method of execution as given under Section 354(5) of the Criminal Code of Procedure,1973 is "Hanging by the neck until dead",and is imposed only in the 'rarest of cases'.
The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP) is a large organization dedicated to the abolition of the death penalty in the United States. Founded in 1976 by Henry Schwarzschild,the NCADP is the only fully staffed nationwide organization in the United States dedicated to the total abolition of the death penalty. It also provides extensive information regarding imminent and past executions,death penalty defendants,numbers of people executed in the U.S.,as well as a detailed breakdown of the current death row population,and a list of which U.S. state and federal jurisdictions use the death penalty.
In criminology,the classical school usually refers to the 18th-century work during the Enlightenment by the utilitarian and social-contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria. Their interests lay in the system of criminal justice and penology and indirectly through the proposition that "man is a calculating animal," in the causes of criminal behavior. The classical school of thought was premised on the idea that people have free will in making decisions,and that punishment can be a deterrent for crime,so long as the punishment is proportional,fits the crime,and is carried out promptly.
In criminology,the Neo-Classical School continues the traditions of the Classical School within the framework of Right Realism. Hence,the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria remains a relevant social philosophy in policy term for using punishment as a deterrent through law enforcement,the courts,and imprisonment.
Deterrence in relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending in society. It is one of five objectives that punishment is thought to achieve;the other four objectives are denunciation,incapacitation,retribution and rehabilitation.
A public execution is a form of capital punishment which "members of the general public may voluntarily attend." This definition excludes the presence of only a small number of witnesses called upon to assure executive accountability. The purpose of such displays has historically been to deter individuals from defying laws or authorities. Attendance at such events was historically encouraged and sometimes even mandatory.
Most jurisdictions in the United States of America maintain the felony murder rule. In essence,the felony murder rule states that when an offender kills in the commission of a dangerous or enumerated crime,the offender,and also the offender's accomplices or co-conspirators,may be found guilty of murder. It means that the common law malice required for murder is "implied as a matter of law for homicides arising from felonies." It is a widely criticized feature of American criminal law. Initially,it was widely believed by scholars that the felony murder rule had originated in England. However,more recent scholarship has argued that it likely originated in America separately from England. Its historic roots have been called "deep but terribly obscure".
Ernest van den Haag was a Dutch-born American sociologist,social critic,and author. He was John M. Olin Professor of Jurisprudence and Public Policy at Fordham University. He was best known for his contributions to National Review.
"Reflections on the Guillotine" is an extended essay written in 1957 by Albert Camus. In the essay Camus takes an uncompromising position for the abolition of the death penalty. Camus's view is similar to that of Cesare Beccaria and the Marquis de Sade,the latter having also argued that murder premeditated and carried out by the state was the worst kind. Camus states that he does not base his argument on sympathy for the convicted but on logical grounds and on proven statistics. Camus also argues that capital punishment is an easy option for the government where remedy and reform may be possible.
Corporate manslaughter is a crime in several jurisdictions,including England and Wales and Hong Kong. It enables a corporation to be punished and censured for culpable conduct that leads to a person's death. This extends beyond any compensation that might be awarded in civil litigation or any criminal prosecution of an individual. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 came into effect in the UK on 6 April 2008.
Capital punishment in Romania was abolished in 1990,and has been prohibited by the Constitution of Romania since 1991.
The debate over capital punishment in the United States existed as early as the colonial period. As of April 2022,it remains a legal penalty within 28 states,the federal government,and military criminal justice systems. The states of Colorado,Delaware,Illinois,Maryland,New Hampshire,Virginia,and Washington abolished the death penalty within the last decade alone.
John J. Donohue III is an American law professor,economist,and the C. Wendell and Edith M. Carlsmith Professor of Law at Stanford Law School. He is widely known for his writings on effect of legalized abortion on crime and for his criticism of John Lott's book More Guns,Less Crime.
Paul Harold Rubin is an American economist and the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Economics Emeritus at Emory University. He was President of the Southern Economic Association in 2012-2013. He is also a research fellow at The Independent Institute.
Michael L. Radelet is a sociologist at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is a professor in,and chairs,the Department of Sociology at the university. In his research,Radelet focuses on his interests in criminology,deviance,capital punishment,societal reaction to crime,racial disparities in death sentencing and crime victims. Radelet has taught courses covering introductory sociology,criminology for both undergraduate and graduate levels,capital punishment for both undergraduate and graduate levels,sociology of mental health and illness for both undergraduate and graduate levels,graduate seminar on health professions,social and ethical issues in medical practice,human development,statistics,and social problems. He is the author of the book Facing the Death Penalty that was published in 1989,in which he describes the realities of capital punishment to those condemned.
Teresa Ann Miller was an American professor,author,legal scholar,educator,and administrator. At the time of her death in August 2021,she was senior vice chancellor for strategic initiatives and chief diversity officer to State University of New York (SUNY) Chancellor Jim Malatras. She previously served as vice chancellor and chief of staff to Chancellor Kristina M. Johnson.
Capital punishment in Malawi is a legal punishment for certain crimes. The country abolished the death penalty by a Malawian Supreme Court ruling in 2021,but it was soon reinstated. However,the country is currently under a death penalty moratorium,which has been in place since the latest execution in 1992.