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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions,primarily depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression,its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many mental health and other conditions,including anxiety,substance use disorders,marital problems,ADHD,and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and behavioral disorder that develops from experiencing a traumatic event,such as sexual assault,warfare,traffic collisions,child abuse,domestic violence,or other threats on a person's life or well-being. Symptoms may include disturbing thoughts,feelings,or dreams related to the events,mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues,attempts to avoid trauma-related cues,alterations in the way a person thinks and feels,and an increase in the fight-or-flight response. These symptoms last for more than a month after the event. Young children are less likely to show distress,but instead may express their memories through play. A person with PTSD is at a higher risk of suicide and intentional self-harm.
Psychological trauma is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences. It must be understood by the affected person as directly threatening the affected person or their loved ones with death,severe bodily injury,or sexual violence;indirect exposure,such as from watching television news,may be extremely distressing and can produce an involuntary and possibly overwhelming physiological stress response,but does not produce trauma per se. Examples include violence,rape,or a terrorist attack.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy that is a recommended treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder,but remains controversial within the psychological community. It was devised by Francine Shapiro in 1987 and originally designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas,i.e.,commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events,within which individuals perceive little or no chance to escape.
In applied psychology,interventions are actions performed to bring about change in people. A wide range of intervention strategies exist and they are directed towards various types of issues. Most generally,it means any activities used to modify behavior,emotional state,or feelings. Psychological interventions have many different applications and the most common use is for the treatment of mental disorders,most commonly using psychotherapy. The ultimate goal behind these interventions is not only to alleviate symptoms but also to target the root cause of mental disorders.
Edna Foa is an Israeli professor of clinical psychology at the University of Pennsylvania,where she serves as the director of the Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety. Foa is an internationally renowned authority in the field of psychopathology and treatment of anxiety. She approaches the understanding and treatment of mental disorders from a cognitive-behavioral perspective.
Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy involves exposing the patient to the anxiety source or its context. Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the treatment of disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),social anxiety disorder (SAD),obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),and specific phobias.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse,witnessing abuse of a sibling or parent,or having a mentally ill parent. These events have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts and can have negative,lasting effects on health and well-being such as unsocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Similarly,children whose mothers have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy have an increased risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is a form of behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy designed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder. It is characterized by two main treatment procedures –imaginal and in vivo exposures. Imaginal exposure is repeated 'on-purpose' retelling of the trauma memory. In vivo exposure is gradually confronting situations,places,and things that are reminders of the trauma or feel dangerous. Additional procedures include processing of the trauma memory and breathing retraining.
Memory and trauma is the deleterious effects that physical or psychological trauma has on memory.
Interoceptive exposure is a cognitive behavioral therapy technique used in the treatment of panic disorder. It refers to carrying out exercises that bring about the physical sensations of a panic attack,such as hyperventilation and high muscle tension,and in the process removing the patient's conditioned response that the physical sensations will cause an attack to happen.
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a manualized therapy used by clinicians to help people recover from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related conditions. It includes elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments,one of the most widely used evidence-based therapies. A typical 12-session run of CPT has proven effective in treating PTSD across a variety of populations,including combat veterans,sexual assault victims,and refugees. CPT can be provided in individual and group treatment formats and is considered one of the most effective treatments for PTSD.
PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder,is a psychiatric disorder characterised by intrusive thoughts and memories,dreams or flashbacks of the event;avoidance of people,places and activities that remind the individual of the event;ongoing negative beliefs about oneself or the world,mood changes and persistent feelings of anger,guilt or fear;alterations in arousal such as increased irritability,angry outbursts,being hypervigilant,or having difficulty with concentration and sleep.
Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently given birth. This disorder can also affect men or partners who have observed a difficult birth. Its symptoms are not distinct from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It may also be called post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth (PTSD-FC).
Richard McNally is an American psychologist and director of clinical training at Harvard University's department of psychology. As a clinical psychologist and experimental psycho-pathologist,McNally studies anxiety disorders and related syndromes,such as post-traumatic stress disorder,obsessive–compulsive disorder,and complicated grief.
Driving phobia,driving anxiety,vehophobia,amaxophobia or driving-related fear (DRF) is a pathological fear of driving. It is an intense,persistent fear of participating in car traffic that affects a person's lifestyle,including aspects such as an inability to participate in certain jobs due to the pathological avoidance of driving. The fear of driving may be triggered by specific driving situations,such as expressway driving or dense traffic. Driving anxiety can range from a mild cautious concern to a phobia.
Richard Allan Bryant is an Australian medical scientist. He is Scientia Professor of Psychology at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) and director of the UNSW Traumatic Stress Clinic,based at UNSW and Westmead Institute for Medical Research. His main areas of research are posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and prolonged grief disorder. On 13 June 2016 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC),for eminent service to medical research in the field of psychotraumatology,as a psychologist and author,to the study of Indigenous mental health,as an advisor to a range of government and international organisations,and to professional societies.
Trauma-sensitive yoga is yoga as exercise,adapted from 2002 onwards for work with individuals affected by psychological trauma. Its goal is to help trauma survivors to develop a greater sense of mind-body connection,to ease their physiological experiences of trauma,to gain a greater sense of ownership over their bodies,and to augment their overall well-being. However,a 2019 systematic review found that the studies to date were not sufficiently robustly designed to provide strong evidence of yoga's effectiveness as a therapy;it called for further research.
Donald H. Meichenbaum is an American psychologist and Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Waterloo,Ontario. He is a research director of the Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment at the University of Miami. Meichenbaum is known for his research and publications on psychotherapy,and contributed to the development of the technique of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). In 1982,a survey of 800 members of the American Psychological Association voted Meichenbaum the tenth most influential psychotherapist of the 20th century. At the time of his retirement from the University of Waterloo in 1998,Meichenbaum was the most-cited psychology researcher at a Canadian university.
References
- ↑ The Oxford handbook of traumatic stress disorders. Beck, J. Gayle., Sloan, Denise M. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-539906-6. OCLC 745766005.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Interpersonal processes in the anxiety disorders : implications for understanding psychopathology and treatment. Beck, J. Gayle. (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4338-0746-6. OCLC 612728659.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ "Past Presidents of Society of Clinical Psychology | Society of Clinical Psychology". div12.org. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ "ABCT | Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". www.abct.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ "Psychology Giving | June 2019 New APF board members". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ Gayle Beck, J. (2014). "From the Editor: Continuity and Change". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 21 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12061.
- ↑ "Awards & Honors | Division of Trauma Psychology". www.apatraumadivision.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ "SCP 2016 Award Winners | Society of Clinical Psychology". div12.org. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ↑ "J. Gayle Beck, Ph.D." www.memphis.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ↑ The effect of performance demand and attentional focus on sexual responding in functional and dysfunctional men. Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Albany, Department of Psychology.
- ↑ "PsychTree - J. Gayle Beck Family Tree". academictree.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ "J. Gayle Beck CV (December 2014)" (PDF).
- ↑ "Group Therapy Helps Car-Accident Survivors Deal with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". ed.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ Clapp, Joshua D.; Gayle Beck, J. (2009). "Understanding the relationship between PTSD and social support: The role of negative network orientation". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 47 (3): 237–244. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.006. PMC 2656396 . PMID 19162260.
- ↑ Sloan, Denise M.; Unger, William; Lee, Daniel J.; Beck, J. Gayle (2018). "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Veterans Diagnosed With Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 31 (6): 886–898. doi:10.1002/jts.22338. ISSN 0894-9867. PMC 6295345 . PMID 30499227.
- ↑ "Media and News". www.memphis.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
- ↑ "I'm J. Gayle Beck, Professor of Psychology, and This is How I Work". This is How I Work - in Science. 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
- ↑ Beck, J. Gayle; Bozman, Alan W.; Qualtrough, Tina (1991-08-01). "The experience of sexual desire: Psychological correlates in a college sample". Journal of Sex Research. 28 (3): 443–456. doi:10.1080/00224499109551618. ISSN 0022-4499.
- ↑ Beck, J. Gayle; Coffey, Scott F.; Palyo, Sarah A.; Gudmundsdottir, Berglind; Miller, Luana M.; Colder, Craig R. (2004-09-01). "Psychometric Properties of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): A Replication With Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors". Psychological Assessment. 16 (3): 289–298. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.289. ISSN 1939-134X. PMC 1360225 . PMID 15456384.
- ↑ Beck, J. Gayle; Grant, DeMond M.; Read, Jennifer P.; Clapp, Joshua D.; Coffey, Scott F.; Miller, Luana M.; Palyo, Sarah A. (2008-01-01). "The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 22 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.007. ISSN 0887-6185. PMC 2259224 . PMID 17369016.
- ↑ Beck, J. Gayle; McNiff, Judiann; Clapp, Joshua D.; Olsen, Shira A.; Avery, Megan L.; Hagewood, J. Houston (2011-12-01). "Exploring Negative Emotion in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Shame, Guilt, and PTSD". Behavior Therapy. 42 (4): 740–750. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.001. ISSN 0005-7894. PMID 22036001.
- ↑ Beck, J. Gayle; Palyo, Sarah A.; Winer, Eliot H.; Schwagler, Brad E.; Ang, Eu Jin (2007-03-01). "Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD Symptoms After a Road Accident: An Uncontrolled Case Series". Behavior Therapy. 38 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.04.001. ISSN 0005-7894. PMID 17292693.