Jack function

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In mathematics, the Jack function is a generalization of the Jack polynomial, introduced by Henry Jack. The Jack polynomial is a homogeneous, symmetric polynomial which generalizes the Schur and zonal polynomials, and is in turn generalized by the Heckman–Opdam polynomials and Macdonald polynomials.

Contents

Definition

The Jack function of an integer partition , parameter , and arguments can be recursively defined as follows:

For m=1
For m>1

where the summation is over all partitions such that the skew partition is a horizontal strip, namely

( must be zero or otherwise ) and

where equals if and otherwise. The expressions and refer to the conjugate partitions of and , respectively. The notation means that the product is taken over all coordinates of boxes in the Young diagram of the partition .

Combinatorial formula

In 1997, F. Knop and S. Sahi [1] gave a purely combinatorial formula for the Jack polynomials in n variables:

The sum is taken over all admissible tableaux of shape and

with

An admissible tableau of shape is a filling of the Young diagram with numbers 1,2,…,n such that for any box (i,j) in the tableau,

A box is critical for the tableau T if and

This result can be seen as a special case of the more general combinatorial formula for Macdonald polynomials.

C normalization

The Jack functions form an orthogonal basis in a space of symmetric polynomials, with inner product:

This orthogonality property is unaffected by normalization. The normalization defined above is typically referred to as the J normalization. The C normalization is defined as

where

For is often denoted by and called the Zonal polynomial.

P normalization

The P normalization is given by the identity , where

where and denotes the arm and leg length respectively. Therefore, for is the usual Schur function.

Similar to Schur polynomials, can be expressed as a sum over Young tableaux. However, one need to add an extra weight to each tableau that depends on the parameter .

Thus, a formula [2] for the Jack function is given by

where the sum is taken over all tableaux of shape , and denotes the entry in box s of T.

The weight can be defined in the following fashion: Each tableau T of shape can be interpreted as a sequence of partitions

where defines the skew shape with content i in T. Then

where

and the product is taken only over all boxes s in such that s has a box from in the same row, but not in the same column.

Connection with the Schur polynomial

When the Jack function is a scalar multiple of the Schur polynomial

where

is the product of all hook lengths of .

Properties

If the partition has more parts than the number of variables, then the Jack function is 0:

Matrix argument

In some texts, especially in random matrix theory, authors have found it more convenient to use a matrix argument in the Jack function. The connection is simple. If is a matrix with eigenvalues , then

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References

  1. Knop & Sahi 1997.
  2. Macdonald 1995, pp. 379.