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A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known as beta decay. There are two forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay, which produce electrons and positrons, respectively.
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness or radiation poisoning, is a collection of health effects that are caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation in a short period of time. Symptoms can start within an hour of exposure, and can last for several months. Early symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. In the following hours or weeks, initial symptoms may appear to improve, before the development of additional symptoms, after which either recovery or death follow.
Argonne National Laboratory is a federally funded research and development center in Lemont, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1946, the laboratory is owned by the United States Department of Energy and administered by UChicago Argonne LLC of the University of Chicago. The facility is the largest national laboratory in the Midwest.
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments or habitats. Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to the industry. The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, focusing on developing fundamental knowledge of an organism, to applied research, which may focus on answering some questions of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease. Examples of applied research include testing disease treatments, breeding, defense research, and toxicology, including cosmetics testing. In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses.
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The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers is a system of laboratories overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for scientific and technological research. The primary mission of the DOE national laboratories is to conduct research and development (R&D) addressing national priorities: energy and climate, the environment, national security, and health. Sixteen of the seventeen DOE national laboratories are federally funded research and development centers administered, managed, operated and staffed by private-sector organizations under management and operating (M&O) contracts with the DOE. The National Laboratory system was established in the wake of World War II, during which the United States had quickly set-up and pursued advanced scientific research in the sprawling Manhattan Project.
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In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that the dose of protons is deposited over a narrow range of depth; hence in minimal entry, exit, or scattered radiation dose to healthy nearby tissues.
Louis Harold Gray FRS was an English physicist who worked mainly on the effects of radiation on biological systems. He was one of the earliest contributors of the field of radiobiology. Amongst many other achievements, he defined a unit of radiation dosage which was later named after him as an SI unit, the gray.
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Albert Stevens (1887–1966), also known as patient CAL-1 and most radioactive human ever, was a house painter from Ohio who was subjected to an involuntary human radiation experiment and survived the highest known accumulated radiation dose in any human. On May 14, 1945, he was injected with 131 kBq of plutonium without his knowledge because it was erroneously believed that he had a terminal disease.
Katherine Austin Lathrop was an American nuclear medicine researcher, biochemist and member of the Manhattan Project.
Travel outside the Earth's protective atmosphere, magnetosphere, and in free fall can harm human health, and understanding such harm is essential for successful crewed spaceflight. Potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS) are particularly important. A vigorous ground-based cellular and animal model research program will help quantify the risk to the CNS from space radiation exposure on future long distance space missions and promote the development of optimized countermeasures.
Miriam Dorothy (Posner) Finkel was a radiobiologist who made significant contributions to molecular biology. Finkel lent her name to the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins or FBJ virus.
Fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine (18F) commonly known as [18F]FET, is a radiopharmaceutical tracer used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This synthetic amino acid, labeled with the radioactive isotope fluorine-18, is a valuable radiopharmaceutical tracer for used in neuro-oncology for diagnosing, planning treatment, and following up on brain tumors such as gliomas. The tracer's ability to provide detailed metabolic imaging of tumors makes it an essential tool in the clinical management of brain cancer patients. Continued advancements in PET imaging technology and the development of more efficient synthesis methods are expected to further enhance the clinical utility of [18F]FET.
Marvin Goldman is an American radiation biologist, known for "his highly significant contributions to the understanding of the effects of bone-seeking radionuclides—in carcinogenic characteristics of long-term strontium-90 exposures."
The "Beagle Club" radiation experiments were a series of studies sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission, which took place over four decades starting in the 1950s. They were conducted across six American states at research facilities including Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago; Colorado State University in Fort Collins; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Hanford; University of California at Davis; University of Utah in Salt Lake City; and the Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute in Albuquerque.
References
- ↑ Grahn, D; Wright, B.J.; Carnes, B.A.; Williamson, F.S.; Fox, C (1995). "Studies of acute and chronic radiation injury at the Biological and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 1970-1992: The JANUS Program Survival and Pathology Data". doi:10.2172/10124634. OSTI 10124634.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Paunesku, David, ed. (September 2007). "Janus Mouse Tissue Search". Northwestern University, Department of Radiation Oncology.
- ↑ Haley, Benjamin, ed. (February 2009). "Janus Dog Tissue Search". Northwestern University, Department of Radiation Oncology.
- ↑ Paunesku, Tatjana; Zhang, Yueru; Gemmell, M. Anne; Woloschak, Gayle E. (2000). "p53 gene deletions in radiation-induced tumors". Leukemia Research. 24 (6): 511–517. doi:10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00005-9. PMID 10781686.