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Color blindness is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color. It can impair tasks such as selecting ripe fruit, choosing clothing, and reading traffic lights. Color blindness may make some educational activities more difficult. However, problems are generally minor, and most color-blind adapt. People with total color blindness (achromatopsia) may also be uncomfortable in bright environments and have decreased visual acuity.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision. Symptoms include trouble seeing at night and decreasing peripheral vision. As peripheral vision worsens, people may experience "tunnel vision". Complete blindness is uncommon. Onset of symptoms is generally gradual and often begins in childhood.
Pentachromacy describes the capability and capacity for capturing, transmitting, processing, and perceiving five independent channels of color information through the primary visual system. Organisms with pentachromacy are termed pentachromats. For these organisms, it would take at least five differing ranges of wavelengths along the electromagnetic spectrum to reproduce their full visual spectrum. In comparison, a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light are all that is necessary to simulate most of the common human trichromat visual spectrum.
Dichromacy is the state of having two types of functioning color receptors, called cone cells, in the eyes. Organisms with dichromacy are called dichromats. Dichromats can match any color they see with a mixture of no more than two pure spectral lights. By comparison, trichromats can perceive colors made of up to three pure spectral lights, and tetrachromats can perceive colors made of four.
Monochromacy is the ability of organisms or machines to perceive only light intensity, without respect to spectral composition (color). Organisms with monochromacy are called monochromats.
Blue-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1SW gene.
Green-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1MW gene. OPN1MW2 is a similar opsin.
Color vision, a proximate adaptation of the vision sensory modality, allows for the discrimination of light based on its wavelength components.
The Llura Liggett Gund Award honors researchers for career achievements that have significantly advanced the research and development of preventions, treatments and cures for eye disease.
Gene therapy for color blindness is an experimental gene therapy aiming to convert congenitally colorblind individuals to trichromats by introducing a photopigment gene that they lack. Though partial color blindness is considered only a mild disability, it is a condition that affects many people, particularly males. Complete color blindness, or achromatopsia, is very rare but more severe. While never demonstrated in humans, animal studies have shown that it is possible to confer color vision by injecting a gene of the missing photopigment using gene therapy. As of 2018 there is no medical entity offering this treatment, and no clinical trials available for volunteers.
The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology is an institute within the Faculty of Brain Sciences of University College London (UCL) and is based in London, United Kingdom. The institute conducts research and post-graduate teaching in the area of ophthalmology.
José-Alain Sahel is a French ophthalmologist and scientist. He is currently the chair of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, director of the UPMC Eye Center, and the Eye and Ear Foundation Chair of Ophthalmology. Dr. Sahel previously led the Vision Institute in Paris, a research center associated with the one of the oldest eye hospitals of Europe - Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital in Paris, founded in 1260. He is a pioneer in the field of artificial retina and eye regenerative therapies. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences.
Stephen H. Tsang is an American ophthalmologist and geneticist. He is currently a Professor of Ophthalmology, and Pathology and Cell Biology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York. He has been married to Jing Peng in 2020.
Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is an inherited eye disease that causes severely impaired color discrimination, low vision, nystagmus and photophobia due to the absence of functionality of red (L) and green (M) cone photoreceptor cells in the retina. This form of retinal disorder is a recessive X-linked disease and manifests its symptoms in early infancy.
Robert E. MacLaren FMedSci FRCOphth FRCS FACS VR is a British ophthalmologist who has led pioneering work in the treatment of blindness caused by diseases of the retina. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford and Honorary Professor of Ophthalmology at the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. He is a Consultant Ophthalmologist at the Oxford Eye Hospital and an Honorary Consultant Ophthalmologist at the Great Ormond Street Hospital. He is also an Honorary Consultant Vitreo-retinal Surgeon at the Moorfields Eye Hospital. MacLaren is an NIHR Senior Investigator, or lead researcher, for the speciality of Ophthalmology. In addition, he is a member of the research committee of Euretina: the European Society of Retina specialists, Fellow of Merton College, in Oxford and a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
Paul A. Sieving is a former director of the National Eye Institute, part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Prior to joining the NIH in 2001, he served on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School as the Paul R. Lichter Professor of Ophthalmic Genetics. He also was the founding director of the Center for Retinal and Macular Degeneration in the university's Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.
Maureen E. Neitz is an American vision scientist whose research includes work on color vision and color blindness and the prevention of nearsightedness. She holds the Ray H. Hill Endowed Chair in Ophthalmology at the University of Washington.
John E. Lisman was the Zalman Abraham Kekst Chair in Neuroscience at the Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. He was Professor of Biology Amplification and Switching in Signal Transduction and Memory, noted for his research on neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's disease. For his research, he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2013.
Michael Paul Stryker is an American neuroscientist specializing in studies of how spontaneous neural activity organizes connections in the developing mammalian brain, and for research on the organization, development, and plasticity of the visual system in the ferret and the mouse.
William Anthony Beltran is a French–American ophthalmologist. He is a professor of ophthalmology in the Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine and director of the Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. In 2020, Beltran was elected a Member of the National Academy of Medicine for his research focus on inherited retinal degeneration.
References
- ↑ "Laurel High Graduation". Kulr8.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- 1 2 "Jay Neitz, PhD (faculty profile)". Department of Ophthalmology. University of Washington. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ↑ Neitz, Jay (1986). Variations in Color Matching Among Humans with Normal Color Vision (PhD thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara.
- ↑ "Scientists Cure Color Blindness in Monkeys". Science News Daily. September 16, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ↑ Brandon Heim (September 16, 2009). "Gene Therapy Cures Color Blind Monkeys". Wired.com. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ↑ Rogers, Adam. "Monkeys With Superpower Eyes Could Help Cure Color Blindness". Wired.com. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ↑ Neitz, Jay; Carroll, Joseph; Neitz, Maureen (January 2001). "Color Vision: Almost Reason Enough for Having Eyes" (PDF). Optics & Photonics News. Optical Society of America. 12 (1): 26. Bibcode:2001OptPN..12...26N. doi:10.1364/OPN.12.1.000026.
- ↑ "Vision researchers Jay and Maureen Neitz to receive first Pepose Award from Brandeis". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
