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John Philippe Rushton was a Canadian psychologist and author. He taught at the University of Western Ontario until the early 1990s, and became known to the general public during the 1980s and 1990s for research on race and intelligence, race and crime, and other purported racial correlations.
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Discussions of race and intelligence – specifically regarding claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines – have appeared in both popular science and academic research since the modern concept of race was first introduced. With the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century, differences in average test performance between racial groups have been observed, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. Complicating the issue, modern science has concluded that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality, and there exist various conflicting definitions of intelligence. In particular, the validity of IQ testing as a metric for human intelligence is disputed. Today, the scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain differences in IQ test performance between groups, and that observed differences are environmental in origin.
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David Cyril Geary is an American cognitive developmental and evolutionary psychologist with interests in mathematical learning and sex differences. He is currently a Curators’ Professor and Thomas Jefferson Fellow in the Department of Psychological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.
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Statcheck is an R package designed to detect statistical errors in peer-reviewed psychology articles by searching papers for statistical results, redoing the calculations described in each paper, and comparing the two values to see if they match. It takes advantage of the fact that psychological research papers tend to report their results in accordance with the guidelines published by the American Psychological Association (APA). This leads to several disadvantages: it can only detect results reported completely and in exact accordance with the APA's guidelines, and it cannot detect statistics that are only included in tables in the paper. Another limitation is that Statcheck cannot deal with statistical corrections to test statistics, like Greenhouse–Geisser or Bonferroni corrections, which actually make tests more conservative. Some journals have begun piloting Statcheck as part of their peer review process. Statcheck is free software published under the GNU GPL v3.
Researcher degrees of freedom is a concept referring to the inherent flexibility involved in the process of designing and conducting a scientific experiment, and in analyzing its results. The term reflects the fact that researchers can choose between multiple ways of collecting and analyzing data, and these decisions can be made either arbitrarily or because they, unlike other possible choices, produce a positive and statistically significant result. The researcher degrees of freedom has positives such as affording the ability to look at nature from different angles, allowing new discoveries and hypotheses to be generated. However, researcher degrees of freedom can lead to data dredging and other questionable research practices where the different interpretations and analyses are taken for granted Their widespread use represents an inherent methodological limitation in scientific research, and contributes to an inflated rate of false-positive findings. They can also lead to overestimated effect sizes.
References
- ↑ "Jelte M. Wicherts CV" . Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- 1 2 "J.M. Wicherts". Tilburg University. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ↑ "Jelte Wicherts". Metrics. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ↑ Buranyi, Stephen (1 February 2017). "The hi-tech war on science fraud". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ↑ Carey, Benedict (3 November 2011). "Fraud Case Seen as a Red Flag for Psychology Research". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- 1 2 Stokstad, Erik (2018-09-19). "This research group seeks to expose weaknesses in science—and they'll step on some toes if they have to". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
- ↑ "Jelte Wicherts". Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ↑ Kenny, Charles (30 April 2012). "Dumb and Dumber". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ↑ "Meta-Research Center". Meta-Research Center. Retrieved 2019-03-22.
- ↑ Devlin, Hannah (2017-09-14). "Statistical vigilantes: the war on scientific fraud – Science Weekly podcast". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-03-22.
