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The Mapuche is a group of native indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina,including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social,religious,and economic structure,as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their homelands once extended from Choapa Valley to the ChiloéArchipelago and later spread eastward to Puelmapu,a land comprising part of the Argentine pampa and Patagonia. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are concentrated in the Araucanía region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of Santiago and Buenos Aires for economic opportunities.
The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of military campaigns,agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and settlers into Mapuche territory which led to the incorporation of Araucanía into Chilean national territory. Pacification of Araucanía was the expression used by the Chilean authorities for this process. The conflict was concurrent with Argentine campaigns against the Mapuche (1878–1885) and Chile's wars with Spain (1865–1866) and with Peru and Bolivia (1879–1883).
The last major rebellion of the indigenous Mapuches of Araucanía took place in 1881,during the last phase of the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883) by the Chilean state. It was planned by Mapuche chiefs in March 1881 to be launched in November the same year. Mapuche support for the uprising was not unanimous:Some Mapuche factions sided with the Chileans and others declared themselves neutral. The organizers of the uprising did however succeed in involving Mapuche factions that had not previously been at war with Chile. With most of the attacks repelled within a matters of days Chile went on the next years to consolidate its conquests.
As an archaeological culture,the Mapuche people of southern Chile and Argentina have a long history which dates back to 600–500 BC. The Mapuche society underwent great transformations after Spanish contact in the mid–16th century. These changes included the adoption of Old World crops and animals and the onset of a rich Spanish–Mapuche trade in La Frontera and Valdivia. Despite these contacts Mapuche were never completely subjugated by the Spanish Empire. Between the 18th and 19th century Mapuche culture and people spread eastwards into the Pampas and the Patagonian plains. This vast new territory allowed Mapuche groups to control a substantial part of the salt and cattle trade in the Southern Cone.
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References
- ↑ "Perfil: Quién es Jessica Bengoa, la candidata favorita de Boric que fue electa en Magallanes". Ex-Ante. 7 May 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ↑ "Jessica Bengoa, consejera constitucional de CS: la bancada republicana ha sido muy desprolija". University of Santiago, Chile Daily. 4 September 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ↑ "Jéssica Bengoa, consejera constitucional de CS: El anteproyecto es una buena base para trabajar, pero sin duda requiere fortalecer algunos ámbitos". La Tercera. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
