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The history of Jews in Norway dates back to the 1400s. Although there were very likely Jewish merchants, sailors and others who entered Norway during the Middle Ages, no efforts were made to establish a Jewish community. Through the early modern period, Norway, still devastated by the Black Death, was ruled by Denmark from 1536 to 1814 and then by Sweden until 1905. In 1687, Christian V rescinded all Jewish privileges, specifically banning Jews from Norway, except with a special dispensation. Jews found in the kingdom were jailed and expelled, and this ban persisted until 1851.
Leo Eitinger was a Norwegian psychiatrist, author and educator. He was a Holocaust survivor who studied the late-onset psychological trauma experienced by people who went through separation and psychological pain early in life only to show traumatic experience decades later. He devoted a long period studying posttraumatic stress disorder among Holocaust survivors, which had led Holocaust survivors including Paul Celan (1920–1970), Primo Levi (1919–1987) and many others to commit suicide several decades after the experience. Eitinger was a pioneer of research into psychological trauma among refugees, and also laid the foundation for Norwegian military psychiatry research with emphasis on psychological trauma among soldiers.
The German occupation of Norway began on 9 April 1940. In 1942, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. At least 775 of them were arrested, detained and/or deported. More than half of the Norwegians who died in camps in Germany were Jews. 742 Jews were murdered in the camps and 23 Jews died as a result of extrajudicial execution, murder and suicide during the war, bringing the total of Jewish Norwegian dead to at least 765, comprising 230 complete households.
Prior to the deportation of individuals of Jewish background to the concentration camps there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. During the Nazi occupation of Norway 772 of these were arrested, detained, and/or deported, most of them sent to Auschwitz or other extermination camps where 742 were murdered. 23 died as a result of extrajudicial execution, murder, and suicide during the war. Between 28 and 34 of those deported survived their continued imprisonment. The Norwegian police and German authorities kept records of these victims, and so, researchers were able to compile information about the deportees.
Berthold Epstein was a pediatrician, professor, and scientist who was conscripted as a doctor in the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.
Moritz Moses Rabinowitz was a retail merchant based in the city of Haugesund, Norway. Rabinowitz was active in the Jewish community in Norway and was an early opponent of Nazism. After Nazi Germany invaded Norway, Rabinowitz was arrested and moved to Germany. He was murdered in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1942.
Nansenhjelpen was a Norwegian humanitarian organization founded by Odd Nansen in 1936 to provide safe haven and assistance in Norway for Jewish refugees from areas in Europe under Nazi control. It was formally disbanded in 1945, but effectively ceased operations in late 1942, after all Jews in Norway had been deported, murdered, or had fled into Sweden.
Odd Nansen was a Norwegian architect, writer, and humanitarian. He is credited with being a co-founder of UNICEF and for his humanitarian efforts on behalf of Jews in the early years of World War II.
Julius Paltiel was one of the 26 Norwegian Jews who returned from Auschwitz. For their efforts in telling about the atrocities in the Nazi extermination camps, both Paltiel and his widow were awarded St. Olav's Medal, he in 2004 and she in 2016. Paltiel was given a Norwegian state funeral, attended by King Harald V.
Nic Waal, born Caroline Schweigaard Nicolaysen in Kristiania, Norway was a Norwegian psychiatrist, noted for her work among children and adolescents in Norway where she is known as "the mother of Norwegian pediatric and adolescent psychiatry." She was also active in the Norwegian resistance during World War II, and was named as one of the Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem.
Sigrid Helliesen Lund was a Norwegian peace activist, noted for her humanitarian efforts throughout most of the 20th century, and in particular her resistance to the occupation of Norway during World War II. On 14 May 2006, Yad Vashem posthumously named her one of the Righteous Among the Nations for her work during the Holocaust.
Bernt Henrik Lund CBE is a Norwegian retired civil servant, diplomat and politician for the Labour Party. He held leading administrative positions in the municipality of Oslo, and also worked on foreign affairs, including foreign aid projects. He was Norway's first ambassador to Namibia.
Eva Scheer was a Norwegian journalist, literary critic, translator and author.
Ella Lingens-Reiner, M.D. was an Austrian physician and is one of the Righteous Among Nations honored by Yad Vashem. She and her husband Kurt Lingens M.D., with Baron Karl von Motesiczky, harbored multiple Jews in their home during the Second World War. She was sent to Auschwitz by the Gestapo in 1942 and then later was imprisoned at Dachau. She survived the war and became president of the organization of former Auschwitz prisoners, Österreichische Lagergemeinschaft Auschwitz.
I slik en natt is a Norwegian war film from 1958 directed by Sigval Maartmann-Moe. It stars Anne-Lise Tangstad. The music was composed by Øivin Fjeldstad.
Nina Hasvoll, surname also Hasvold and Hasvold Meyer, was a Russian–Norwegian psychoanalyst. She headed the Jewish Children's Home in Oslo during the Second World War, and she escaped to Sweden in 1942 with 14 children. The orphanage and the escape inspired the 1958 film I slik en natt by Sigval Maartmann-Moe and the 2015 film Ninas barn by Nina Grünfeld.
Ninas barn is a 2015 documentary film about the Jewish Children's Home in Oslo during the Second World War. The film was written and directed by Nina Grünfeld, and it was produced by her company Gründer Film. A book containing the story was also written by Espen Holm and Nina Grünfeld, and it was published by Kagge Forlag in 2015.
Nina Frederikke Grünfeld is a Norwegian film director and author, and the former head of the Norwegian Film Directors (NFR) trade union.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Levin, Irene (2009). "Det jødiske barnehjemmet og Nic Waal" [The Jewish Children's Home and Nic Waal]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening (in Norwegian). 46 (1). Norsk Psykologiforening. 2010-06-18.
- ↑ Lange, Jon (2002-01-30). "[Nic Waal--the mother of Norwegian child and adolescent psychiatry]". Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke. 122 (3): 296–297. ISSN 0029-2001. PMID 11894601.
- 1 2 Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (2020-10-19). Children of the Holocaust. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6853-5.
- 1 2 3 Levin, Irene (7 January 2009). "Det jødiske barnehjemmet og Nic Waal". Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening (in Norwegian Bokmål). 46 (1). Retrieved 2022-08-03.
- ↑ Aarek, Hans Eirik (2022-06-30), "Sigrid Helliesen Lund", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål), retrieved 2022-08-03
- ↑ "Lund, Sigrid Helliesen" (in Norwegian). NorgesLexi.com. Archived from the original on 2011-12-24. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
- ↑ Grünfeld, Nina (2015-09-24), Nina's Children (Documentary, History, War), retrieved 2022-08-03
