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Islamophobia is the fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or a source of terrorism.
Islam in France is a minority faith. Muslims are estimated to represent around 4 to 8 percent of the nation's population and France is estimated to have the largest number of Muslims in the Western world, primarily due to migration from Maghrebi, West African, and Middle Eastern countries. Umayyad Muslim forces invaded modern day southern France, but were decisively defeated by the Frankish Christian army led by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, thus preventing the subsequent Islamisation of France in Middle Ages.
Soheib Bencheikh is an Islamic religious leader and author and would-be French politician.
Islam is the most widespread religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was introduced to the local population in the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Cultural Muslims are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.
Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed recently, there are centuries-old Muslim societies in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region. The term "Muslim Europe" is used to refer to the Muslim-majority countries in the Balkans and parts of countries in Eastern Europe with sizable Muslim minorities that constitute large populations of native European Muslims, although the majority are secular.
The Grand Mosque of Paris, also known as the Great Mosque of Paris or simply the Paris Mosque, is located in the 5th arrondissement and is one of the largest mosques in France. There are prayer rooms, an outdoor garden, a small library, a gift shop, along with a cafe and restaurant. In all the mosque plays an important role in promoting the visibility of Islam and Muslims in France. It is the oldest mosque in Metropolitan France.
Islam is the second largest religion in Belgium after Christianity. The exact number of Muslims in Belgium is unknown but various sources estimate that 4.0% to 7.6% of the country's population adheres to Islam. The first registered presence of Islam in Belgium was in 1829, but most Belgian Muslims are first-, second-, or third-generation immigrants that arrived after the 1960s.
European Islam is a hypothesized new branch of Islam that historically originated and developed among the indigenous White European peoples of the Balkans and some republics of Russia, which constitute of large populations of native White European Slavic Muslims, alongside Muslim populations of Albanians, Greeks, Romani, Balkan Turks, Pomaks, Yörüks, Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, and Megleno-Romanians from Notia today living in Turkey, although the majority are secular.
Turks in France also called the Turkish-French community, French Turks or Franco-Turks refers to the ethnic Turkish people who live in France. The majority of French Turks descend from the Republic of Turkey; however there has also been Turkish migration from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities which have come to France from North Africa, the Balkans, the island of Cyprus, and more recently Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. There has also been migration to France from the Turkish diaspora.
Ousmane Oumar Kane holds the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Chair on Contemporary Islamic Religion and Society at the Harvard Divinity School and the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization at Harvard University since July 2012.
Mohamed Talbi, was a Tunisian historian and professor. He was the author of many books about Islam.
Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed is a French-Algerian imam. An openly gay Muslim, Zahed is the founder of an Islamic prayer room in Paris, France, with the goal of accommodating the LGBT and feminist Muslim communities. He also founded the LGBT Muslim association HM2F, and manages the Calem Institute in Marseille.
Karima Dirèche is a French Algerian historian specialising in the contemporary history of the Maghreb. From September 2013 to August 2017, she has been the director of the Institute for Research on the Contemporary Maghreb in Tunis.
Islamopedia Online was a website dedicated to providing a comprehensive database of information regarding Islam, its most influential leaders, and translations of current topics and religious opinions.
Jocelyne Dakhlia is a French historian and anthropologist. A director of studies at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales, her work is concerned principally with the political and cultural history of Islam in the Maghreb countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
Islamophobia in France holds a particularly political significance since France has the largest proportion of Muslims in the Western world, primarily due to the migration from Maghrebi, West African, and Middle Eastern countries. The existence of discrimination against Muslims is reported by the media in the Muslim world. and by the perceived segregation and alienation of Muslims within the French community. This belief that there is an anti-Muslim climate in France is heavily criticised by some members of the French Muslim community who terms it an 'exaggeration'.
The Collective Against Islamophobia in France was a French non-profit organisation, created in 2003 and dissolved in 2020, which mission was to combat discriminations towards Muslims in France, providing legal support to victims of such discriminations. It annually reported acts it considered Islamophobic. The organisation received critics, about its use of the term Islamophobia, and suspicion of having Islamist links.
Seán M. McLoughlin is a cultural anthropologist and Professor of the Anthropology of Islam at the University of Leeds. His works use field research, in-depth interviews and documentary analysis to explore the dynamics of Islam and Muslim cultures in contexts of contemporary migration, diaspora and transnationalism. He works mainly with South Asian heritage Muslim communities in the UK, especially British Pakistanis and Kashmiris in the Northern England. McLoughlin is a member of the Sociology of Religion Study Group, British Sociological Association.
References
- 1 2 "Jocelyne Cesari". Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs . Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ↑ "Jocelyne Cesari". Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard University.
- ↑ "Jocelyne Cesari". Harvard Divinity School . Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ↑ "Jocelyne Cesari". University of Birmingham . Retrieved 2023-01-06.
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