Jock Palfreeman is an Australian antifascist known for having been convicted of murdering Andrei Monov who had harassed two Roma people before attacking Palfreeman.
Palfreeman was serving in the British Army at the time of the incident.[1][2] For this action, he pleaded not guilty and of acting in self defence but was sentenced to 20 years in a Bulgarianprison after debatable proceedings. There, he started to organize the Bulgarian Prisoners Association (BPA), an anarchist organization of whom he became the chairman striving to help prisoners and abolish prisons. He was freed in 2019 after 12 years in prison and pursued his political activism, notably by associating with the Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) to hold conferences.
The event
In the early hours of 28 December 2007, 21-year-old Jock Palfreeman was involved in an incident during which Bulgarian student Andrei Monov was fatally stabbed. According to the case file, Monov received a single stab wound to the side of his chest, while 19-year-old Antoan Zahariev received a slash wound to the side of his torso. Palfreeman was injured after being hit in the head and arm with pieces of concrete pavement tiles.[3]
Monov and Zahariev had been out with over a dozen other youths. Palfreeman claimed he saw the group chase two Roma. When he saw the group start attacking one of the Roma, he ran across a downtown square to help the victim. When the attack then turned on him, he pulled a knife from his pocket and waved it around to scare the youths away. However, instead of running away the youths continued to attack him as he tried to move the group away from the Roma.
Palfreeman pleaded not guilty based on self defence. Prosecutor Parvoleta Nikova argued that Palfreeman attacked the group of youths for no reason. In an interview given to 24 Chassa before the trial began, she claimed Palfreeman was guilty as charged and should receive a life sentence.[5]
Monov had a blood alcohol reading of 0.29%. Zahariev's reading was 0.18%, and Palfreeman's was 0.015% in his blood and 0.026% in his urine.[6]
Among the mourners at Andrei Monov's funeral were head of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Lazar Gruev and members of the ruling Socialist Party, including soon to be Interior Minister Mihail Mikov, and former legal advisor to the President Chavdar Georgiev.[7]
The criminal trial was held concurrently with the crime's compensation case, which is the usual procedure in Bulgaria. The civil claimants were Antoan Zahariev and Andrei Monov's parents, notary Aksenia Monova and psychologist Hristo Monov.
During the trial, some of the youths and police officers changed their versions of events, claiming there were no Roma and no altercation in the lead-up to Andrei Monov's death. When the defence tried to show that this contradicted what the youths had told the police first at the scene and police investigators, the civil claimants and the prosecutor were able to prevent examination of those accounts.[8] On 3 December 2009, the Sofia City Court found Palfreeman guilty and sentenced him to 20 years' imprisonment.
Appellate court appeal
Palfreeman's friends and family supported his case since the initial incident and organized a rally ahead of his appeal.[9] The defence asked the appellate court to allow further examination of traffic recordings, which it argued supported the sequence of events put forward by Palfreeman and witnesses. The defence also asked for a review of the forensic evidence. Both requests were rejected.[10] However, the court allowed re-examination of some of the witnesses who had changed their versions of events at trial. A change in law meant that civil claimants were no longer able to block the defence's use of original witness statements in its questioning.[11] Palfreeman's lawyers raised issues such as the failure of the trial court to take into account the evidence of witnesses who were not associated with Monov.[12]
On 24 February 2010, the court upheld the conviction and sentence. On 27 July 2011, the Bulgarian Supreme Court of Cassation also upheld the conviction and sentence.[13]
Bulgarian Prisoners Association
As chairman of the Bulgarian Prisoners Association,[14] Palfreeman has offered legal advice to fellow inmates. As a result, his privileges were revoked, leading him to begin a hunger strike on 13 January 2013.[15] On 17 October 2013, Palfreeman said that he and 10 other foreign prisoners were subjected to a beating by a prison guard, which he believes was because the guard deliberately did not acknowledge his presence during roll call. Shortly after, the same guard allegedly beat him again, which Palfreeman has apparently reported to a lawyer, the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee and the Australian consulate. As of 23 December 2013 there have been no results reported on the findings of any investigation into the incidents.[16] He stated that during his time in prison, many Bulgarian anarchist groups such as the Anarchist Federation of Bulgaria (FAB), were refusing to help the prisoners and hide themselves behind theoretical positionings calling for an abolition of prison without ever taking action against them.[17] He also criticized the proximity of some elements of anarchist circles in Bulgaria with fascists.[17]
In November 2015, because of his work in upholding the legal rights of Bulgarian prisoners,Jock Palfreeman as a nominee for the "Person of the Year" award in Bulgaria, which was approved by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee. This caused a storm of controversy in Bulgarian society, leading to protests of relatives, friends and other Bulgarians. The BHK eventually decided to change Palfreeman's nomination to that of his organisation.[18][19] The renewed attention paid to the case in Bulgaria resulted in the production of a documentary, which featured an extensive interview with Palfreeman, during which he talked about his pursuits in prison, his place within Bulgarian society and recalled the events of late December 2007. He criticized a number of aspects of his trial and also claimed that he never wanted Andrei Monov to die.[20]
Early release and following activities
In an interview published in November 2012, Palfreeman claimed he was being "held for ransom" by the Bulgarian government. He was subject to a court order from 2009 claiming restitution of 450,000 Bulgarian Lev (about A$ 375,000), which has increased with interest since his arrest. The campaign for transfer continued in Australia, with journalist Belinda Hawkins, lawyer Julian Burnside and actor William McInnes speaking in support at a public meeting in Melbourne.[21][22] The human rights organisation Bulgaria Helsinki Committee has condemned the decision not to transfer Palfreeman, speculating that there may be undue influence from the dead man's father, who is now a government MP.[23]
On 19 September 2019, Palfreeman was unexpectedly granted parole by a panel of three judges at the Sofia Appellate Court,[24] with Bulgarian Helsinki Committee President Dr Kanev saying, "The appeal court's decision is final ... It's a just decision. There is no reason for Jock Palfreeman not to be released on parole. He has served enough of his sentence – it's almost twelve years now."[25]
Palfreeman was transferred to immigration detention while he waited for a new Australian passport.[26] On 24 September, Bulgaria's prosecutor general, Sotir Tsatsarov, made an application to the Supreme Court of Cassation to revoke Palfreeman's parole. Hristo Monov had asked the judges to explain their decision, which he called a "moral disgrace": "I invite them to meet, in front of the media and the whole society, to tell me why."[27] Opposition leader Korneliya Ninova called the early release a "shame", while Prime Minister Boyko Borisov refused to comment directly.[27] On 7 October, the Supreme Court of Cassation heard from the prosecutor and Palfreeman's lawyer, with the hearing adjourned for up to two months.[28] Australia's Foreign Minister Marise Payne said, "I am concerned … that there may be a range of non-legal considerations … that are influencing this matter, and I want to be sure that the law is being applied consistently. I am strongly of the view that he should be treated in accordance with Bulgarian law and that he be allowed to return to Australia immediately."[28] A public letter was signed by nearly 300 Bulgarian judges defending the decision to grant him parole.[29]
Palfreeman was released from immigration detention on 16 October 2019 but was unable to leave the country due to a ban imposed in 2011.[30][31] On 27 January 2020, Bulgarian National Television reported that the Sofia Administrative Court had overturned the travel ban;[32] however, Palfreeman said he was still unable to leave the country as "The border police won't let me go"[33] and he was still without a passport.[34] As of the end of January 2020, the Supreme Court of Cassation, which had said on 7 October 2019 that it would rule on the appeal against his parole within two months, had not made any pronouncement as to the result of the appeal.[32]
In April 2021, Palfreeman confirmed he had left Bulgaria but did not wish to disclose his location due to safety concerns.[35][36] In November of that same year, he spoke about his experiences and how to organize at the Cowley Club in Brighton, United Kingdom, in a conference presented by the Anarchist Black Cross.[37]
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