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The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970. It was substantially caused by poor economic and social conditions due to prevalent racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern states where Jim Crow laws were upheld. In particular, continued lynchings motivated a portion of the migrants, as African Americans searched for social reprieve. The historic change brought by the migration was amplified because the migrants, for the most part, moved to the then-largest cities in the United States at a time when those cities had a central cultural, social, political, and economic influence over the United States; there, African Americans established culturally influential communities of their own. According to Isabel Wilkerson, despite the loss of leaving their homes in the South, and the barriers faced by the migrants in their new homes, the migration was an act of individual and collective agency, which changed the course of American history, a "declaration of independence" written by their actions.
The Niagara Movement (NM) was a civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group of activists—many of whom were among the vanguard of African-American lawyers in the United States—led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Its members felt "unmanly" the policy of accommodation and conciliation, without voting rights, promoted by Booker T. Washington. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and took Niagara Falls as its symbol. The group did not meet in Niagara Falls, New York, but planned its first conference for nearby Buffalo. The Niagara Movement was the immediate predecessor of the NAACP.
Trotter may refer to:
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References
- 1 2 "Joe William Trotter, Jr". WorldCat Entities.
- 1 2 "Joe William Trotter, Jr". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Joe William Trotter, Jr". si.edu. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Joe William Trotter Jr". Organization of American Historians. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Joe William Trotter" . Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Joe William Trotter Jr". Ohio School Boards Association. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Joe William Trotter, Jr". Jacobin Magazine . 4 December 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
- ↑ "Dr. Joe William Trotter , Jr". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
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