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In music, just intonation or pure intonation is the tuning of musical intervals as whole number ratios of frequencies. An interval tuned in this way is said to be pure, and is called a just interval. Just intervals consist of tones from a single harmonic series of an implied fundamental. For example, in the diagram, if the notes G3 and C4 are tuned as members of the harmonic series of the lowest C, their frequencies will be 3 and 4 times the fundamental frequency. The interval ratio between C4 and G3 is therefore 4:3, a just fourth.
Microtonal music or microtonality is the use in music of microtones—intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals". It may also be extended to include any music using intervals not found in the customary Western tuning of twelve equal intervals per octave. In other words, a microtone may be thought of as a note that falls between the keys of a piano tuned in equal temperament.
In music, sharp, dièse, or diesis means, "higher in pitch". More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by one semitone ". A sharp is the opposite of a flat, a lowering of pitch. The ♯ symbol itself is conjectured to be a condensed form of German ligature ſch or the symbol ƀ.
In music, flat means "lower in pitch". Flat is the opposite of sharp, which is a raising of pitch. In musical notation, flat means "lower in pitch by one semitone ", notated using the symbol ♭ which is derived from a stylised lowercase 'b'. For instance, the music below has a key signature with three flats and the note, D♭, has a flat accidental.
Benjamin Burwell Johnston Jr. was an American contemporary music composer, known for his use of just intonation. He was called "one of the foremost composers of microtonal music" by Philip Bush and "one of the best non-famous composers this country has to offer" by John Rockwell.
A quarter tone is a pitch halfway between the usual notes of a chromatic scale or an interval about half as wide as a semitone, which itself is half a whole tone. Quarter tones divide the octave by 50 cents each, and have 24 different pitches.
In music, 31 equal temperament, 31-ET, which can also be abbreviated 31-TET or 31-EDO, also known as tricesimoprimal, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 31 equal-sized steps. Play (help·info) Each step represents a frequency ratio of 31√2, or 38.71 cents.
A septimal comma is a small musical interval in just intonation that contains the number seven in its prime factorization. There is more than one such interval, so the term septimal comma is ambiguous, but it most commonly refers to the interval 64/63.
In music, the septimal major thirdplay (help·info), also called the supermajor third, septimal supermajor third, and sometimes Bohlen–Pierce third is the musical interval exactly or approximately equal to a just 9:7 ratio of frequencies, or alternately 14:11. It is equal to 435 cents, sharper than a just major third (5:4) by the septimal quarter tone (36:35). In 24-TET the septimal major third is approximated by 9 quarter tones, or 450 cents. Both 24 and 19 equal temperament map the septimal major third and the septimal narrow fourth (21:16) to the same interval.
Genesis of a Music is a book first published in 1949 by microtonal composer Harry Partch (1901–1974).
The harmonic seventh interval, also known as the septimal minor seventh, or subminor seventh, is one with an exact 7:4 ratio. This is somewhat narrower than and is, "particularly sweet", "sweeter in quality" than an "ordinary" just minor seventh, which has an intonation ratio of 9:5.
In music, a major limma is an interval with the ratio of 135:128, which is the difference between two major tones and a minor third. It is equal to about 92.18 cents.
A septimal quarter tone is an interval with the ratio of 36:35, which is the difference between the septimal minor third and the Just minor third, or about 48.77 cents wide. The name derives from the interval being the 7-limit approximation of a quarter tone. The septimal quarter tone can be viewed either as a musical interval in its own right, or as a comma; if it is tempered out in a given tuning system, the distinction between the two different types of minor thirds is lost. The septimal quarter tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth harmonics.
A septimal tritone is a tritone that involves the factor seven. There are two that are inverses. The lesser septimal tritone is the musical interval with ratio 7:5. The greater septimal tritone, is an interval with ratio 10:7. They are also known as the sub-fifth and super-fourth, or subminor fifth and supermajor fourth, respectively.
Anne La Berge is a flutist, composer and improviser, currently residing in Amsterdam. Her performances bring together a virtuosic command of her instrument, use of microtonal textures and melodies, and an array of percussive flute effects, all combined with electronic processing. These have distinguished her as “a pioneer in a wide array of new techniques”. Many of her compositions involve her own participation, though she has produced works intended solely for other performers, usually involving guided improvisation and electronics. She is known for her use of texts that form part of her compositions and improvisations. In addition to creating her own work, she regularly performs in other artists’ projects in a range of settings from modern chamber music to improvised electronic music.
F+ is a musical pitch approximately 20 cents sharp of modern concert F, and is primarily associated with the Northumbrian smallpipes.
In music, a subminor interval is an interval that is noticeably wider than a diminished interval but noticeably narrower than a minor interval. It is found in between a minor and diminished interval, thus making it below, or subminor to, the minor interval. A supermajor interval is a musical interval that is noticeably wider than a major interval but noticeably narrower than an augmented interval. It is found in between a major and augmented interval, thus making it above, or supermajor to, the major interval. The inversion of a supermajor interval is a subminor interval, and there are four major and four minor intervals, allowing for eight supermajor and subminor intervals, each with variants.
7-limit or septimal tunings and intervals are musical instrument tunings that have a limit of seven: the largest prime factor contained in the interval ratios between pitches is seven. Thus, for example, 50:49 is a 7-limit interval, but 14:11 is not.
References
- ↑ "Kingma System Flutists", BrannenFlutes.com.
- 1 2 3 "John Fonville", Music.UCSD.edu. Accessed September 05, 2014.
- ↑ Cindy Ying Shiung (2007). The Brannen-Cooper Kingma System Flute: A Resource Thesaurus of Multiphonic Production Capability, pp. 3, 24, & 104. ISBN 9780549400455.
- ↑ Fonville, John (Summer 1991). "Ben Johnston's Extended Just Intonation: A Guide for Interpreters". Perspectives of New Music . 29 (2): 106–137.
- ↑ Couture, François. "John Fonville: Living in Fire" at AllMusic . Retrieved September 05, 2014.
