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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer and actor. Nicknamed the "Chairman of the Board" and later called "Ol' Blue Eyes," he is regarded as one of the most popular entertainers of the mid-20th century. Sinatra is among the world's best-selling music artists,with an estimated 150 million record sales globally.
The Iran–Contra affair,often referred to as the Iran–Contra scandal and more rarely as the Iran Initiative,was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration. Between 1981 and 1986,senior administration officials secretly facilitated the illegal sale of arms to Iran,which was subject to an arms embargo at the time. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras,an anti-Sandinista rebel group in Nicaragua. Under the Boland Amendment,further funding of the Contras by legislative appropriations was prohibited by Congress,but the Reagan administration figured out a loophole by secretively using non-appropriated funds instead.
Jane Austen was an English novelist known primarily for her six novels,which implicitly interpret,critique,and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Austen's plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage for the pursuit of favourable social standing and economic security. Her works are implicit critiques of the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism. Her use of social commentary,realism,and irony have earned her acclaim amongst critics and scholars.
Joan of Arc is a patron saint of France,honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Claiming to be acting under divine guidance,she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.
The League of Nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. The main organisation ceased operations on 18 April 1946 when many of its components were relocated into the new United Nations. As the template for modern global governance,the League profoundly shaped the modern world.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 and additionally as head of state beginning in 1988,as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989,Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990 and the president of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically,Gorbachev initially adhered to Marxism–Leninism but moved towards social democracy by the early 1990s. He was the only Soviet leader born after the country's foundation.
Shiva,also known as Mahadeva or Hara,is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism,one of the major traditions within Hinduism.
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008,serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist,he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1965 until 2011. Under his administration,Cuba became a one-party communist state;industry and business were nationalized,and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.
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The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu–Han contention (206–202 BC),and it was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) established by the usurping regent Wang Mang,and is thus separated into two periods—the Western Han and the Eastern Han (25–220 AD). Spanning over four centuries,the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history,and had a permanent impact on Chinese identity in later periods. The majority ethnic group of modern China refer to themselves as the "Han people" or "Han Chinese". The spoken Sinitic language and written Chinese are referred to respectively as the "Han language" and "Han characters".
Richard Burton was a Welsh actor.
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary,politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011. He came to power through a military coup,first becoming Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the 'Brotherly Leader' of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Nasserism,Gaddafi later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
Tina Turner was a singer,songwriter,and actress. Known as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll",she rose to prominence as the lead singer of the husband-wife duo Ike &Tina Turner before launching a successful career as a solo performer.
The 1986 FIFA World Cup was the 13th FIFA World Cup,a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams. It was played in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but,largely due to economic reasons,was not able to do so,and resigned in November 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983,and became the first country to host the World Cup more than once,after previously hosting the 1970 edition.
The Mamas &the Papas was a folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968,with a brief reunion in 1971. The group was a defining force in the music scene of the counterculture of the 1960s. Formed in New York City,the group consisted of Americans John Phillips,Cass Elliot,Michelle Phillips,and Canadian Denny Doherty. Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips –the songwriter and leader of the group –who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early 1960s.
Dire Straits were a British rock band formed in London in 1977 by Mark Knopfler,David Knopfler,John Illsley and Pick Withers. They were active from 1977 to 1988 and again from 1990 to 1995.
Aliens is a 1986 science fiction action film written and directed by James Cameron. It is the sequel to the 1979 science fiction horror film Alien,and the second film in the Alien franchise. Set in the far future,it stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley,the sole survivor of an alien attack on her ship. When communications are lost with a human colony on the moon where her crew first encountered the alien creatures,Ripley agrees to return to the site with a unit of Colonial Marines to investigate. Michael Biehn,Paul Reiser,Lance Henriksen,and Carrie Henn are featured in supporting roles.
On January 28,1986,the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight,killing all seven crew members aboard. The spacecraft disintegrated 46,000 feet (14 km) above the Atlantic Ocean,off the coast of Cape Canaveral,Florida,at 11:39 a.m. EST. It was the first fatal accident involving an American spacecraft while in flight.
The Starry Night is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh,painted in June 1889. It depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence,just before sunrise,with the addition of an imaginary village. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941,acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Widely regarded as Van Gogh's magnum opus,The Starry Night is one of the most recognizable paintings in Western art.
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid activist,politician,and statesman who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist,he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
References
- ↑ "Guide Parlementaire Canadien". 1986.
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