Biological engineering or bioengineering is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable,tangible,economically viable products. Biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences,such as mass and heat transfer,kinetics,biocatalysts,biomechanics,bioinformatics,separation and purification processes,bioreactor design,surface science,fluid mechanics,thermodynamics,and polymer science. It is used in the design of medical devices,diagnostic equipment,biocompatible materials,renewable energy,ecological engineering,agricultural engineering,process engineering and catalysis,and other areas that improve the living standards of societies.
A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose –either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. The corresponding field of study,called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering,is about fifty years old. It has experienced steady growth over its history,with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine,biology,chemistry,tissue engineering and materials science.
A foreign body reaction (FBR) is a typical tissue response to a foreign body within biological tissue. It usually includes the formation of a foreign body granuloma. Tissue-encapsulation of an implant is an example,as is inflammation around a splinter. Foreign body granuloma formation consists of protein adsorption,macrophages,multinucleated foreign body giant cells,fibroblasts,and angiogenesis. It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.
Anthony "Tony" Guiseppi-Elie is a Trinidad-born,American scientist,engineer,and entrepreneur. He is the President and Sr. Fellow of the American International Institute of Medical Sciences,Engineering and Innovation and the President and Scientific director of ABTECH Scientific,Inc. He is noted for his research and commercial development of biologically inspired and chemically responsive electroconductive hydrogels. Guiseppi-Elie is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the transdisciplinary journal Bioengineering.
Nicholas (Nikolaos) A. Peppas is a chemical and biomedical engineer whose leadership in biomaterials science and engineering,drug delivery,bionanotechnology,pharmaceutical sciences,chemical and polymer engineering has provided seminal foundations based on the physics and mathematical theories of nanoscale,macromolecular processes and drug/protein transport and has led to numerous biomedical products or devices.
Kristi S. Anseth is the Tisone Distinguished Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering,an Associate Professor of Surgery,and a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Her main research interests are the design of synthetic biomaterials using hydrogels,tissue engineering,and regenerative medicine.
Jindřich Henry Kopeček was born in Strakonice,Czech Republic,as the son of Jan and Herta Zita (Krombholz) Kopeček. He is distinguished professor of pharmaceutical chemistry and distinguished professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City,Utah. Kopeček is also an honorary professor at Sichuan University in Chengdu,China. His research focuses on biorecognition of macromolecules,bioconjugate chemistry,drug delivery systems,self-assembled biomaterials,and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics.
Adsorption is the accumulation and adhesion of molecules,atoms,ions,or larger particles to a surface,but without surface penetration occurring. The adsorption of larger biomolecules such as proteins is of high physiological relevance,and as such they adsorb with different mechanisms than their molecular or atomic analogs. Some of the major driving forces behind protein adsorption include:surface energy,intermolecular forces,hydrophobicity,and ionic or electrostatic interaction. By knowing how these factors affect protein adsorption,they can then be manipulated by machining,alloying,and other engineering techniques to select for the most optimal performance in biomedical or physiological applications.
Biomaterials are materials that are used in contact with biological systems. Biocompatibility and applicability of surface modification with current uses of metallic,polymeric and ceramic biomaterials allow alteration of properties to enhance performance in a biological environment while retaining bulk properties of the desired device.
Buddy Ratner is an American professor of chemical engineering and bioengineering. He is the director of the Research Center for Biomaterials at the University of Washington. He is also the faculty member for the Program for Technology Commercialization at the University of Washington.
The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers research related to colloid and interface science with a particular focus on colloidal materials and nanomaterials;surfactants and soft matter;adsorption,catalysis and electrochemistry;interfacial processes,capillarity and wetting;biomaterials and nanomedicine;and novel phenomena and techniques. The editor-in-chief is Martin Malmsten. The journal was established in 1946 as Journal of Colloid Science. It obtained its current name in 1966.
Edward Wilson Merrill was an American biomaterials scientist. He was one of the founders of bioengineering,and specifically the biomedical engineering field it developed from chemical engineering. Merrill was born to Edward Clifton Merrill (1881–1949),a chemical engineer and chief chemist of the United Drug Company (Rexall) and Gertrude Wilson (1895–1978).
Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) coatings are a surface treatment provided to biomaterials intended to reduce the growth of disadvantageous bacteria and fungi such as S. epidermidis,E. coli,and Candida albicans. BSM is a substance extracted from the fresh salivary glands of cows. It exhibits unique physical properties,such as high molecular weight and amphiphilicity,that allow it to be used for many biomedical applications.
Alan J. Russell,is Vice President of Biologics for Amgen,one of the world’s leading Biopharmaceutical companies. Until 2020,Alan was the Highmark Distinguished Career Professor and Director of the Disruptive Health Technology Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. From 2013 through spring of 2016 he was also the Chief Innovation Officer,Allegheny Health Network.
Akhilesh K. Gaharwar is an Indian academic and a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Texas A&M University. The goal of his lab is to understand the cell-nanomaterials interactions and to develop nanoengineered strategies for modulating stem cell behavior for repair and regeneration of damaged tissue.
Joyce Y. Wong is an American engineer who is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Boston University. Her research develops novel biomaterials for the early detection treatment of disease. Wong is the Inaugural Director of the Provost's Initiative to promote gender equality and inclusion in STEM at all levels:Advance,Recruit,Retain and Organize Women in STEM. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Society.
David William Grainger is a distinguished professor and chair of the department of biomedical engineering and distinguished professor of pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical chemistry at the University of Utah. His research focuses on biomaterials,drug delivery,and medical device innovation.
Hamid Ghandehari is an Iranian-American drug delivery research scientist,and a professor in the Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Utah. His research is focused in recombinant polymers for drug and gene delivery,nanotoxicology of dendritic and inorganic constructs,water-soluble polymers for targeted delivery and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for oral delivery.
Jerome Schultz is an American bioengineering researcher,professor,and university administrator. He is a fellow of several national scientific societies and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He has held professorships at the University of Michigan,the University of Pittsburgh,University of California,Riverside,and he is currently a Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Houston.
Deborah E. Leckband is an American chemist who is the Reid T. Milner Professor of Chemical Sciences and professor of chemistry at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She works on biomaterials,tissue engineering and the nano mechanics of biomolecules. She is a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering,the American Association for the Advancement of Science,the Biomedical Engineering Society and the American Chemical Society.
