Joseph Mougous

Last updated
Joseph D. Mougous
Born1976
Alma mater Western Washington University (BS)
University of California, Berkeley (PhD)
Awards Burroughs Wellcome Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease (2011)

NAS Award in Molecular Biology (2021)

Election to the National Academy of Sciences (2022)
Scientific career
Institutions University of Washington
Website https://mougouslab.org/

Joseph Mougous is an American microbiologist. He is a Professor of Microbiology, the Lynn M. and Michael D. Garvey Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology, the Director of the Microbial Interactions & Microbiome Center, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at the University of Washington. [1] [2] Mougous is best known for contributions to the field interbacterial antagonism, including discovering the antibacterial activity of the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). [3] [4]

Contents

Education

Mougous graduated from Western Washington University with a BS in Chemistry in 1999. While there, he performed research in the laboratory of Professor David Patrick, using scanning tunnelling microscopy to study liquid crystals. [5] Mougous was recognized as the Outstanding Chemistry Graduate at Western Washington University in 1999. [6] [7] He then pursued his Ph.D. at University of California-Berkeley under the mentorship of Carolyn Bertozzi, where he worked on the identification, characterization, and biosynthesis of sulfated metabolites in mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis). [8] [9]

After receiving his PhD in 2004, Mougous joined the laboratory of John Mekalanos at Harvard Medical School as a Damon Runyon Postdoctoral Fellow. [10] [11] There, he demonstrated that a previously uncharacterized gene cluster in Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a specialized protein secretion system (now referred to as a type VI secretion system, T6SS). [12]

Research and career

Mougous joined the faculty as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Washington in 2008. He is currently the Lynn M. and Michael D. Garvey Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology and the Director of the Microbial Interactions & Microbiome Center at the University of Washington. [2]

In 2010, Mougous’ laboratory reported that the T6SS of P. aeruginosa targets toxins to other bacterial cells. [3] Subsequently, Mougous and co-workers put forth the hypothesis that interbacterial antagonism is a general feature of the T6SS, [13] and the Mougous lab was the first to demonstrate interspecies targeting by the T6SS. [13] His group was also first to identify the molecular target of a T6SS antibacterial toxin, peptidoglycan, and they went on to identify numerous additional molecular targets of T6SS toxin superfamilies. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] The Mougous lab also contributed early findings supporting the concept that the T6SS helps shape the composition of human-associated microbial communities. [19] [20] In 2020, the Mougous group published a collaborative study with David R. Liu of Harvard University in which they repurposed a mutagenic antibacterial toxin from Burkholderia, DddA, into a genome editing tool designed for Mitochondrial DNA. [21]

In addition to work on the T6SS, the Mougous lab demonstrated that the Esx pathway (also known as the Type VII secretion system) functions analogously to the T6SS in delivering toxins to competing bacterial cells. [22] Additionally, they described the genetic engineering of an epibiont from the Patescibacteria phylum (also known as the Candidate phyla radiation). [23] [24] [25]

Honors and awards

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofilm</span> Aggregation of bacteria or cells on a surface

A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric combination of extracellular polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and DNA. Because they have a three-dimensional structure and represent a community lifestyle for microorganisms, they have been metaphorically described as "cities for microbes".

<i>Shigella</i> Genus of bacteria

Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically nested within Escherichia. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who discovered it in 1897.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prophage</span> Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell

A prophage is a bacteriophage genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages. Prophages remain latent in the genome through multiple cell divisions until activation by an external factor, such as UV light, leading to production of new phage particles that will lyse the cell and spread. As ubiquitous mobile genetic elements, prophages play important roles in bacterial genetics and evolution, such as in the acquisition of virulence factors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exotoxin</span> Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host–pathogen interface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Secretion</span> Controlled release of substances by cells or tissues

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical mechanism of cell secretion is via secretory portals at the plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures embedded in the cell membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opportunistic infection</span> Infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. These opportunities can stem from a variety of sources, such as a weakened immune system, an altered microbiome, or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not necessarily cause disease in a healthy host that has a non-compromised immune system, and can, in some cases, act as commensals until the balance of the immune system is disrupted. Opportunistic infections can also be attributed to pathogens which cause mild illness in healthy individuals but lead to more serious illness when given the opportunity to take advantage of an immunocompromised host.

<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, aerobic–facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes. P. aeruginosa is able to selectively inhibit various antibiotics from penetrating its outer membrane - and has high resistance to several antibiotics. According to the World Health Organization P. aeruginosa poses one of the greatest threats to humans in terms of antibiotic resistance.

<i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> Species of bacterium

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium. It is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, particularly in Thailand and northern Australia. It was reported in 2008 that there had been an expansion of the affected regions due to significant natural disasters, and it could be found in Southern China, Hong Kong, and countries in the Americas. B. pseudomallei, amongst other pathogens, has been found in monkeys imported into the United States from Asia for laboratory use, posing a risk that the pathogen could be introduced into the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteria</span> Domain of microorganisms

Bacteria are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. Many microbial toxins promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system. Endotoxins most commonly refer to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that are in the outer plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The botulinum toxin, which is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum and less frequently by other Clostridium species, is the most toxic substance known in the world. However, microbial toxins also have important uses in medical science and research. Currently, new methods of detecting bacterial toxins are being developed to better isolate and understand these toxins. Potential applications of toxin research include combating microbial virulence, the development of novel anticancer drugs and other medicines, and the use of toxins as tools in neurobiology and cellular biology.

Roberto Kolter is Professor of Microbiology, Emeritus at Harvard Medical School, an author, and past president of the American Society for Microbiology. Kolter has been a professor at Harvard Medical School since 1983 and was Co-director of Harvard's Microbial Sciences Initiative from 2003-2018. During the 35-year term of the Kolter laboratory from 1983 to 2018, more than 130 graduate student and postdoctoral trainees explored an eclectic mix of topics gravitating around the study of microbes. Kolter is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the American Academy of Microbiology.

The RTX toxin superfamily is a group of cytolysins and cytotoxins produced by bacteria. There are over 1000 known members with a variety of functions. The RTX family is defined by two common features: characteristic repeats in the toxin protein sequences, and extracellular secretion by the type I secretion systems (T1SS). The name RTX refers to the glycine and aspartate-rich repeats located at the C-terminus of the toxin proteins, which facilitate export by a dedicated T1SS encoded within the rtx operon.

Bacterial small RNAs are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and laboratory-based techniques such as Northern blotting, microarrays and RNA-Seq in a number of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, the model pathogen Salmonella, the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, marine cyanobacteria, Francisella tularensis, Streptococcus pyogenes, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. Bacterial sRNAs affect how genes are expressed within bacterial cells via interaction with mRNA or protein, and thus can affect a variety of bacterial functions like metabolism, virulence, environmental stress response, and structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microbiome</span> Microbial community assemblage and activity

A microbiome is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The term thus not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompasses their theatre of activity". In 2020, an international panel of experts published the outcome of their discussions on the definition of the microbiome. They proposed a definition of the microbiome based on a revival of the "compact, clear, and comprehensive description of the term" as originally provided by Whipps et al., but supplemented with two explanatory paragraphs. The first explanatory paragraph pronounces the dynamic character of the microbiome, and the second explanatory paragraph clearly separates the term microbiota from the term microbiome.

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is molecular machine used by a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species to transport effectors from the interior of a bacterial cell across the cellular envelope into an adjacent target cell. While often reported that the T6SS was discovered in 2006 by researchers studying the causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, the first study demonstrating that T6SS genes encode a protein export apparatus was actually published in 2004, in a study of protein secretion by the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda.

Rhs toxins belong to the polymorphic toxin category of bacterial exotoxins. Rhs proteins are widespread and can be produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Rhs toxins are very large proteins of usually more than 1,500 aminoacids with variable C-terminal toxic domains. Their toxic activity can either target eukaryotes or other bacteria.

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a phenomenon where a bacterial cell may deliver a polymorphic toxin molecule into neighbouring bacterial cells upon direct cell-cell contact, causing growth arrest or cell death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacterial secretion system</span> Protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances

Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. Specifically, they are the cellular devices used by pathogenic bacteria to secrete their virulence factors to invade the host cells. They can be classified into different types based on their specific structure, composition and activity. Generally, proteins can be secreted through two different processes. One process is a one-step mechanism in which proteins from the cytoplasm of bacteria are transported and delivered directly through the cell membrane into the host cell. Another involves a two-step activity in which the proteins are first transported out of the inner cell membrane, then deposited in the periplasm, and finally through the outer cell membrane into the host cell.

John Mekalanos is a microbiologist who is primarily known for leading one of the first teams that reported the discovery of the type VI secretion system as well as his work on the pathogenicity of the bacterial species Vibrio cholerae, its toxin, and its secretion systems. Since 1998, he has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alain Filloux</span> French microbiologist

Alain Ange-Marie Filloux is a French/British microbiologist who is a Professor of Molecular Microbiology at Imperial College London. His research looks at the chronic infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium that causes nosocomial infections in people who are immunocompromised and a deadly threat for cystic fibrosis patients.

References

  1. ↑ "Joseph D. Mougous | UW Microbiology". microbiology.washington.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  2. 1 2 "About". Microbial Interactions & Microbiome Center. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  3. 1 2 Hood, Rachel D.; Singh, Pragya; Hsu, FoSheng; Güvener, Tüzün; Carl, Mike A.; Trinidad, Rex R.S.; Silverman, Julie M.; Ohlson, Brooks B.; Hicks, Kevin G.; Plemel, Rachael L.; Li, Mo; Schwarz, Sandra; Wang, Wenzhuo Y.; Merz, Alexey J.; Goodlett, David R.; Mougous, Joseph D. (January 2010). "A Type VI Secretion System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Targets a Toxin to Bacteria". Cell Host & Microbe. 7 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2009.12.007. PMC   2831478 . PMID   20114026.[ non-primary source needed ]
  4. ↑ Hood, Rachel D.; Peterson, S. Brook; Mougous, Joseph D. (2017-03-08). "From Striking Out to Striking Gold: Discovering that Type VI Secretion Targets Bacteria". Cell Host & Microbe. 21 (3): 286–289. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.02.001. ISSN   1934-6069. PMC   6404758 . PMID   28279332.
  5. ↑ Mougous, Joseph D.; Brackley, Andrew J.; Foland, Katherine; Baker, Robert T.; Patrick, David L. (20 March 2000). "Formation of Uniaxial Molecular Films by Liquid-Crystal Imprinting in a Magnetic Field". Physical Review Letters. 84 (12): 2742–2745. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.2742M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2742. PMID   11017314.[ non-primary source needed ]
  6. 1 2 Hougen, Denice, ed. (Fall 1999). "Chemical Vibrations Annual Newsletter #2 Fall 1999" (PDF). Chemical Vibrations: Annual Newsletter to Alumni and Friends of the Department.
  7. ↑ Sheehan, Kathy (Fall 1998). "Window on Western, 1998, Volume 05, Issue 01". Western Washington University Western CEDAR. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  8. ↑ Mougous, Joseph David (2004). The role of sulfated molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis (Thesis). ProQuest   305210506.[ page needed ][ non-primary source needed ]
  9. ↑ "People". Bertozzi Group. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  10. ↑ "Alumni - Mekalanos Lab". mekalanoslab.med.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  11. 1 2 "Eight Damon Runyon alumni elected to the National Academy of Sciences". Damon Runyon. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  12. ↑ Mougous, Joseph D.; Cuff, Marianne E.; Raunser, Stefan; Shen, Aimee; Zhou, Min; Gifford, Casey A.; Goodman, Andrew L.; Joachimiak, Grazyna; Ordoñez, Claudia L.; Lory, Stephen; Walz, Thomas; Joachimiak, Andrzej; Mekalanos, John J. (9 June 2006). "A Virulence Locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Encodes a Protein Secretion Apparatus". Science. 312 (5779): 1526–1530. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1526M. doi:10.1126/science.1128393. PMC   2800167 . PMID   16763151.[ non-primary source needed ]
  13. 1 2 Schwarz, Sandra; Hood, Rachel D.; Mougous, Joseph D. (December 2010). "What is type VI secretion doing in all those bugs?". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (12): 531–537. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.09.001. PMC   2991376 . PMID   20961764.[ non-primary source needed ]
  14. ↑ Russell, Alistair B.; Hood, Rachel D.; Bui, Nhat Khai; LeRoux, Michele; Vollmer, Waldemar; Mougous, Joseph D. (2011). "Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells". Nature. 475 (7356): 343–347. doi:10.1038/nature10244. PMC   3146020 . PMID   21776080.[ non-primary source needed ]
  15. ↑ Russell, Alistair B.; Singh, Pragya; Brittnacher, Mitchell; Bui, Nhat Khai; Hood, Rachel D.; Carl, Mike A.; Agnello, Danielle M.; Schwarz, Sandra; Goodlett, David R.; Vollmer, Waldemar; Mougous, Joseph D. (May 2012). "A Widespread Bacterial Type VI Secretion Effector Superfamily Identified Using a Heuristic Approach". Cell Host & Microbe. 11 (5): 538–549. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.04.007. PMC   3358704 . PMID   22607806.[ non-primary source needed ]
  16. ↑ Russell, Alistair B.; LeRoux, Michele; Hathazi, Krisztina; Agnello, Danielle M.; Ishikawa, Takahiko; Wiggins, Paul A.; Wai, Sun Nyunt; Mougous, Joseph D. (April 2013). "Diverse type VI secretion phospholipases are functionally plastic antibacterial effectors". Nature. 496 (7446): 508–512. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..508R. doi:10.1038/nature12074. PMC   3652678 . PMID   23552891.[ non-primary source needed ]
  17. ↑ Whitney, John C.; Quentin, Dennis; Sawai, Shin; LeRoux, Michele; Harding, Brittany N.; Ledvina, Hannah E.; Tran, Bao Q.; Robinson, Howard; Goo, Young Ah; Goodlett, David R.; Raunser, Stefan; Mougous, Joseph D. (October 2015). "An Interbacterial NAD(P)+ Glycohydrolase Toxin Requires Elongation Factor Tu for Delivery to Target Cells". Cell. 163 (3): 607–619. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.027. PMC   4624332 . PMID   26456113.[ non-primary source needed ]
  18. ↑ Ting, See-Yeun; Bosch, Dustin E.; Mangiameli, Sarah M.; Radey, Matthew C.; Huang, Shuo; Park, Young-Jun; Kelly, Katherine A.; Filip, Szymon Krzysztof; Goo, Young Ah; Eng, Jimmy K.; Allaire, Marc; Veesler, David; Wiggins, Paul A.; Peterson, S. Brook; Mougous, Joseph D. (November 2018). "Bifunctional Immunity Proteins Protect Bacteria against FtsZ-Targeting ADP-Ribosylating Toxins". Cell. 175 (5): 1380–1392.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.037. PMC   6239978 . PMID   30343895.[ non-primary source needed ]
  19. ↑ Ross, Benjamin D.; Verster, Adrian J.; Radey, Matthew C.; Schmidtke, Danica T.; Pope, Christopher E.; Hoffman, Lucas R.; Hajjar, Adeline M.; Peterson, S. Brook; Borenstein, Elhanan; Mougous, Joseph D. (2019). "Human gut bacteria contain acquired interbacterial defence systems". Nature. 575 (7781): 224–228. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..224R. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1708-z. PMC   6938237 . PMID   31666699.[ non-primary source needed ]
  20. ↑ Verster, Adrian J.; Ross, Benjamin D.; Radey, Matthew C.; Bao, Yiqiao; Goodman, Andrew L.; Mougous, Joseph D.; Borenstein, Elhanan (September 2017). "The Landscape of Type VI Secretion across Human Gut Microbiomes Reveals Its Role in Community Composition". Cell Host & Microbe. 22 (3): 411–419.e4. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.08.010. PMC   5679258 . PMID   28910638.[ non-primary source needed ]
  21. ↑ Mok, Beverly Y.; de Moraes, Marcos H.; Zeng, Jun; Bosch, Dustin E.; Kotrys, Anna V.; Raguram, Aditya; Hsu, FoSheng; Radey, Matthew C.; Peterson, S. Brook; Mootha, Vamsi K.; Mougous, Joseph D.; Liu, David R. (2020). "A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing". Nature. 583 (7817): 631–637. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..631M. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2477-4. PMC   7381381 . PMID   32641830.[ non-primary source needed ]
  22. ↑ Whitney, John C; Peterson, S Brook; Kim, Jungyun; Pazos, Manuel; Verster, Adrian J; Radey, Matthew C; Kulasekara, Hemantha D; Ching, Mary Q; Bullen, Nathan P; Bryant, Diane; Goo, Young Ah; Surette, Michael G; Borenstein, Elhanan; Vollmer, Waldemar; Mougous, Joseph D (11 July 2017). "A broadly distributed toxin family mediates contact-dependent antagonism between gram-positive bacteria". eLife. 6. doi: 10.7554/eLife.26938 . PMC   5555719 . PMID   28696203.[ non-primary source needed ]
  23. ↑ Wang, Yaxi; Gallagher, Larry A.; Andrade, Pia A.; Liu, Andi; Humphreys, Ian R.; Turkarslan, Serdar; Cutler, Kevin J.; Arrieta-Ortiz, Mario L.; Li, Yaqiao; Radey, Matthew C.; McLean, Jeffrey S.; Cong, Qian; Baker, David; Baliga, Nitin S.; Peterson, S. Brook; Mougous, Joseph D. (October 2023). "Genetic manipulation of Patescibacteria provides mechanistic insights into microbial dark matter and the epibiotic lifestyle". Cell. 186 (22): 4803–4817.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.017. PMC   10633639 . PMID   37683634.[ non-primary source needed ]
  24. ↑ Learn, Joshua Rapp (23 October 2023). "Diving Deep into the Mouth's Microbial Dark Matter". Discover Magazine.
  25. ↑ "Genetic tools probe microbial dark matter". ScienceDaily (Press release). University of Washington School of Medicine/UW Medicine. 7 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "Fellow Detail". ra.nas.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  27. ↑ "Grant Recipients". Burroughs Wellcome Fund. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  28. ↑ "Science X Network :: Phys.org, Medical Xpress, Tech Xplore". sciencex.com. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  29. ↑ "Joseph D. Mougous, PhD | Investigator Profile | 2015-Present". www.hhmi.org. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  30. 1 2 "National Finalists | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists". blavatnikawards.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  31. ↑ "NAS Award in Molecular Biology". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  32. ↑ "Four UW researchers elected to the National Academy of Sciences for 2022". UW News. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
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