Joseph Sadan

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Joseph Sadan
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Born (1939-01-17) January 17, 1939 (age 85)

Joseph Sadan (born January 17, 1939) is emeritus professor of the Department of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the Tel-Aviv University. He has also taught and research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and research institutions in Europe, as well as at Haifa University and Menashe College. Sadan studied at the Hebrew University (1958–1963) where he received his BA and MA degrees (Profs. Joshua Blau, Eliahu Ashtor, M.J. Kister and others). Between 1965 and 1969/70 he worked on his Ph.D. thesis at the Sorbonne in Paris (Profs. Claude Cahen, Charles Pellat and Jeanine Sourdel-Thomine). The subject of the dissertation was furniture in the Middle East in medieval times. In 1989 he was promoted to Full Professor and retired in 2007. He held the Irene Helmus Chair for Arabic Literature until October 2009. [1] [2]

Contents

His research

In his research, Joseph Sadan focused on social and material culture (furniture, drinks), medieval Arabic literature, especially prose (adab), and Jewish-Arab relations, including studies on Yehuda Alharizi and on the Sabbatean movement. In recent years he has also worked on the publication of forgotten stories, pre-modern novels of sorts on the Arabian Nights model (see below).

Furniture in the medieval Middle East

In 1976 Sadan's study Le mobilier Proche-Orient medieval was published by Brill, Leiden in 1976. [3] In this book he focused on aspects of everyday life, especially among the lower classes, that had been ignored in the scholarly literature and are only very rarely mentioned in literary and historical texts. Sadan unearthed the relevant facts in chance comments found in texts and also in some works of art (iconography). He filled in missing information also through a perusal of dowry lists of Jewish brides discovered in the Cairo Geniza, mostly in Judeo-Arabic. [4]

Still More Arabian Nights

Published in 2003 by Am Oved, this book consists of stories found in previously unpublished manuscripts. The quality and beauty of these stories would have made them good candidates for inclusion in The Arabian Nights, but fate decreed otherwise. The book reveals an entire world existing side-by-side with The Arabian Nights, of novel-like pre-modern compositions that reflect a measure of folk culture, a tradition of oral storytelling whose tales were occasionally also put to writing (whenever there are two versions of a story, they are not similar, since the narrator usually does not copy the story, but just tells it in a different way). A few noteworthy texts are replete with poetry and demonstrate quite clearly that even narrators of folktales in a sense continued the tradition of Classical Arabic poetry. Subsequently the book was published in a French edition under the title Et il y eut d'autres nuits (2004), and an Arabic edition is forthcoming. The texts claim to reflect Abbasid or Mamluk culture, but quite a few of the extant manuscripts are later, and are dated to the beginning of the Ottoman period. [5]

Arab humor

In 2007 an improved edition of Sadan's book on Arab humor, which originally appeared in 1984/5, was published in Beirut and Cologne. [6] Sadan studied the differences between canonical texts and a more folksy type of humor, various variations and even reversals of the same humorous theme, attributed to different people in different times. The need for humor in light of the stiff and boring atmosphere imposed by court etiquette gave rise to jokes and encouraged the presence of jokers and other strange characters, who engendered an enjoyable "anti-formality" atmosphere, for which there were specific terms in the medieval world. In other words, this is a literature of humor with a social background. The book focuses especially on witticisms concerning boring people (thuqalâ’). The reason for this is that in this culture good style, elegant speech and correct manners where highly appreciated, so bores became the butt of jokes. [7]

Measuring the evolution of descriptive and figurative language in poetry

Joseph Sadan developed a method for assessing the evolution of figurative language in poetry. He calls his theory, which he expressed in text and diagrams, the "theory of ma'âni, in contrast to the usual theory of medieval poetics, the "theory of balâgha", from which it differs and which it complements. According to this theory one poet creates a figurative expression composed of various embellishments and metaphors; then a second poet will elaborate this expression, perhaps by repeating its content while changing some of its elements (such as rhyme and rhythm); then a third poet will elaborate on what the second poet wrote, and so on, with each successive poet using his predecessor's material as raw material. This also explains the fact that Hebrew poets in Spain took Arabic figurative expressions and transformed them into Hebrew using biblical concepts; these poets were merely adhering to an existing tradition of rhetorical elaboration in Arab culture, and should not be considered plagiarism. Two among Sadan’s PhD students who have taken up the study of ma'âni, as motifs in poetry. [8] Among his many students, Dr. Nadir Masarwa and Dr. Mahmud Jabbarin, wrote their Ph.D. dissertation under Sadan's direction on this aspect of Arabic literature and enriched materials which should be taken into consideration (Masarwa’s thesis is now printed).

Writing customs, writing materials and how a geniza is created

Sadan compared the customs of Muslims and Jews concerning books that have become unusable because they are worn or (among Muslims) have become impure. This has significant implications for the Jewish institutions of geniza. Understanding both canonical and popular Muslim practice can help us understand the Jewish geniza, despite the differences. While brief instructions on how to store writings can be found in very early Jewish books (a subject studied by Menahem Haran, among others), in Islam the disputes, doubts, contradictions ad possibilities that were considered before the actual laws were formulated have also been preserved, and in fact accompanied them over time. [9]

Islam and Judaism

Sadan has studied some less well-known connections between Arabic and Hebrew, Islam and Judaism, for example the Sabbatean movement in Yemen (a local movement whose ties to the original movement have been described by some as quite loose), and the anti-Jewish policies pursued by the Yemeni authorities following a revival that was perceived as a rebellion. [10] Another issue that relates to Judaism and the study of Hebrew is Hebrew poetry that was influenced by Arabic poetry (see below: Alharizi). Sadan also wrote on matters of inter-religious strife, in the form of Muslim-Jewish polemics, and how each of these two faiths treat their holy scripture and holy places, such as the tombs of biblical prophets, especially Moses. [11]

Craftsmen

Canonical fiction and official histories usually do not bother to provide descriptions of craftsmen and the people of the bazaars, such as goldsmiths, bakers, grave diggers and many others, with the exception of one genre that specifically deals with such craftsmen, occasionally somewhat humorously, especially in the way each specific craftsman speaks and what he says. This genre thus comes very close to drama. This has created a point of contact between Sadan's manuscripts and Prof. Shmuel Moreh's studies of Arab pre-modern "live theater"; [12] they intend to publish a book on this subject, to be entitled Social Dramatic Dimensions and Strata: Two Medieval Egyptian Plays. [13]

Alharizi

Joseph Sadan discovered an Arabic biography of the poet and writer Alharizi in a manuscript text by Ibn al-Sha'âr al-Mawsili. The biography is quite detailed, in line with the highly developed Arabic biographical literature of the time, and tells us where he lived, and when and where he died. The biographical details were collected from people who were acquainted with both Alharizi and the author of the text, knew about his writings and poems in Arabic (literary and not only Judeo-Arabic), and even report on the exact date of his death in Aleppo, in the year 1225. This date was not known previously, nor was his compositions in Arabic, intended for the ears of an aristocratic Muslim audience, known or their existence even suspected. A number of scholars (although not Haim Shirman) had claimed that Alharizi, who traveled throughout the Middle East and visited the region's Jewish communities, returned to his homeland Spain, where he finished writing his Tahkemoni. But Sadan discovered that he did not return to Spain, nor did he have any intention to do so (although in his writings he expresses his longing to his homeland); for him the Arab lands were the center of his culture, with which he was very familiar despite the fact that he hailed from Christian Spain. He also composed some quite excellent poetry in Arabic intended for the use of the princes of Syria, for which he was generously remunerated, in addition to the pay he received from Jews for writing Hebrew poetry and ornate prose for various communities. [14]

Other topics

Among the other topics that Sadan studied are wine and drinking in Islam, etiquette, the ways of rulers, and the concept of justice.

Current research

In addition to his planned activities in connection with the Arabian Nights-like stories, Sadan plans to publish a historical study on the Buwayhid period, from about the mid-tenth to the mid-eleventh century, together with Adam Silberstein. The study will consist of an analysis of an anonymous manuscript of the period in question, which serves as a rich source of information on everyday life, government administration, and more. [15]

His Books

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References

  1. ↑ Joseph Sadan Homepage Archived 2011-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ Joseph Sadan at Tel Aviv University
  3. ↑ Le mobilier au Proche-Orient médiéval, Leiden (E. J. Brill), 185 pp. and 42 drawings, 8 plates, 1976. Won the "Concours" of the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris).
  4. ↑ Et il y eut d'autres nuits, Paris (Editions Médicis-Entrelacs, Groupe Albin Michel), 2004. ; "The Arabian Nights in Judaeo-Arabic of Oran", "אלף לילה ולילה" בערבית-יהודית, נוסח אוראן [תרגום מצרפתית] ; פעמים 17 (תשמד) 76-87 1984 ; "Hârûn al-Rashîd and the Brewer: Preliminary Remarks on the Adab of the Elite versus Hikayat", in Studies in Canonical and Popular Arabic Literature, edited by S. Ballas and R. Snir, Toronto (York Press), 1998, pp. 1-22. ; "Death of a Princess; Episodes of the Barmakid Legend in Its Late Evolution", in: Story-telling in the Framework of Non-Fictional Arabic Literature, edited by Stefan Leder, Wiesbaden (Otto Harrassowitz), 1998, pp. 130-157. ; "Arabic Tom 'n Jerry Compositions; a Popular Composition on a War between Cats and Mice and a Maqama on Negotiations and Concluding Peace between a Cat and a Mouse", Compilation and Creation in Adab and Lugha = I.O.S., XIX (1999), pp. 173-205. ; [Arabic] "Aladdin and his Lamp Return to their Origins", Al-Karmil (Haifa University), XX (1999), pp. 149-188.; "L'Orient pittoresque et Aladin retrouvé", in Emergence des francophonies, edited by D. Mendelson, Limoges (Pulim: Presses Universitaires de l'Université de Limoges), 2001, pp. 169-184.  ; "Background, Date and Meaning of the Story of the Alexandrian Lover and the Magic Lamp", Q.S.A. (Quaderni di Studi Arabi) XIX (2001), pp. 173-192. ; "The Arabian Nights and the Jews" [shorter version of No 73 infra], The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, ed., U. Marzolph. R. van Leeuwen, H. Wassouf, Santa Barbara (ABC – Clio), 2004, I, introductive chapters, pp. 42-46. ; "Jacques Cazotte, His Hero Xaïloun, and Hamîda the Kaslân: A Unique Feature of Cazotte’s ‘Continuation’ of the Arabian Nights and a Newly Discovered Arabic Source That Inspired His Novel on Xaïloun", Marvel and Tales, XVIII/2 (2004), pp. 286- 299. ; New improved version of §67 ("Jacques Cazotte, His Hero Xaïloun, and Hamîda the Kaslân: A Unique Feature of Cazotte’s ‘Continuation’…), in: U. Marzolph, (ed.), The Arabian Nights in Transnational Perspective, Detroit (Wayne State University Press), 2007, pp. 33-48. ; "The Arabian Nights and the Jews", in Festschrift G.R. Khoury, edited by his disciples (Dr. S. Karoui, Dr. M. Schmidt) at the Heidelberg University, 18 pp.
  5. ↑ Still More Arabian Nights (Lo Elef ve-lo Layla), Tel Aviv (Am Oved; in the series of Sifrey Mofet), 2003.
  6. ↑ Humoristic Literature and the Literary Genre 'Anecdotes on Boring Persons' (al-Adab al-hâzil wa-nawâdir al-thuqalâ’) in the series: Literary Texts and Studies of the Tel Aviv University, No 5, at the Sarûjî Press, Acre, Tel Aviv and Acre, 1984-5).
  7. ↑ [In Arabic] Arabic Humoristic Literature and the Literary Genre 'Anecdotes on Boring Persons' (al-Adab al-hâzil wa-nawâdir al-thuqalâ’) in the series: Literary Texts and Studies of the Tel Aviv University, No 5, at the Sarûjî Press, Acre, Tel Aviv and Acre, 1984-5. ; Second and improved edition of the §3 (al-Adab al-hâzil wa-nawâdir al-thuqalâ’), 'Kamel – Baghdad Editions', Cologne & Beirut (2007),.; “Conflicting Tendencies between Higher and Lower Strata of Humour: Some Genizah Fragments”, in Georges Tamer (ed.), Humor in des arabischen Kultur, Berlin (Walter de Gruyter), 2008(?), 15. pp. computerized proofs
  8. ↑ "Maidens' Hair and Starry Skies - Images System and Ma’ani Guides", in: Medieval Poetry and Poetics - Studies in Arabic and Hebrew Literature (ed. S. Somekh) = I.O.S. (at the E.J. Brill Press, Leiden), XI (1991), pp. 57-88. ; רבי יהודה אלחריזי כצומת תרבותי : ביוגראפיה ערבית של יוצר יהודי בעיני מזרחן; פעמים 68 (תשנו) 16-67, 1996 ; "Un intellectuel juif au confluent de deux cultures; Yehuda al-Harizi et sa biographie arabe", in Judíos y musulmanes en al-Andalus y el Magreb; Contactos intelectuelas, edited by Maribel Fierro, Madrid (Collection of Casa de Vellazques, in the series Judíos en tierras de Islam, I), 2002, pp. 105-151.
  9. ↑ "עולמם של לבלרים, מעתיקי ספרים ופקידים", עלי ספר ב (תשלו) 33-52 1976 ; "Nouveaux documents sur scribes et copistes", Revue des Etudes Islamiques (Paris), XLV/1 (1977), pp. 41-87.; "על גניזה אצל המוסלמים : דרכי טיפול בכתבי-קודש שבלו באסלאם ולקחן היהודי והאנושי", קרית ספר נה, ב (תשם) 398-410 1980. ; "Genizah and Genizah-Like Practices in Islamic and Jewish Traditions", Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden), XLIII, 1/2 (1986), pp. 36-58. ; "On Tombs and Holy Writ", in Milestones in the Art and Culture of Egypt, edited by Asher Ovadiah, the Faculty of Art at the Tel-Aviv University, 2000, pp. 171-194. ; "טהרה, טומאה וגניזה של ספרים - בין אסלאם ליהדות", פעמים 70 (תשנז) 4-20 1997 ; (Co-authors: Joseph Sadan and Nasir Basal), "Some Fragments of Judaeo-Arabic Poetry", JSAI, 32 (2006), Volume in honour Franz Rosenthal, pp. 213-246. ; "Purity, Impurity and the Disposal of Defiled Books in Islam, in Comparison with Judaism", JSAI, 33 (2007), Volume in Honour of Y. Friedmann, pp. 193-218.
  10. ↑ (With co-authors: P. Sj. van Koningsveld, Q. al-Samarrai) Yemenite Authorities and Jewish Messianism, published by the Documentatiebureau Islam-Christendom, Leiden (Leiden University, Faculty of Theology), 1990.; ,הכרוניקה של אבן נאצר : טקסט חדש על תנועות משיחיות יהודיות בתימן במחצית השנייה של המאה הי"ז; רקע ותרגום", פעמים 43 (תשן) 111-135 1990 ; "The 'Latrines Decree' in the Yemen versus the Dhimma Principles", in: Pluralism and the Other ; Studies in Religious Behaviour, edited by J. Platvoet and K. van der Toorn, at E.J. Brill (Leiden), in the series of Numen, Leiden, 1995, pp. 167-185. ; [in Dutch, with P.Sj. van Koningsveld as co-author], "Aspecten van de sociale geschiedens van de joodse minderheid in Jemen", in: Joden in de wereld van de Islam, edited by J-M. Cohen and I.E. Zviep, Jewish Historical Museum and the Bulaaq Publishing House, Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 97-111. ; "איתור קבר משה : קדושה, פלוגתא ותחרותיות", אריאל 117-118 (תשנז) 182-187 ; "בין הגזרות על יהדות תימן בסוף המאה הי"ז ל’גזרת המקמצים’ במאות הי"ח והי"ט : היבט מוסלמי על גזרת פינוי הדומן ועל ההרעה במעמד היהודים, מצד החברה, הממשל וחוגים דתיים", משאת משה (תשנח) 202-236 1998 ; "תנועת השבתאות בתימן וספיחיה במחצית השנייה של המאה השבע עשרה : גרסתו של יחיא אבן אלחסין אבן אלקאסם על פרשה זו ואירועים יהודיים נוספים" , החלום ושברו א (תשסא) 93-111 2001 ;
  11. ↑ "מקאם נבי מוסא בין יריחו לבין דמשק : לתולדותיה של תחרות בין שני אתרי-קודש", המזרח החדש כח, 1/2 (תשם) 22-38 1980 ; "שלושה מקורות חדשים מספרות שבחי ארץ הקודש בערבית במאות הט"ז-י"ז ", קתדרה 11 (תשלט) 186-206 1979 ; "מקאם נבי מוסא בין יריחו לבין דמשק : לתולדותיה של תחרות בין שני אתרי-קודש", המזרח החדש כח, 1/2 (תשם) 22-38 1980  ; "Le tombeau de Moïse à Jéricho et à Damas", Revue des Etudes Islamiques (Paris), XLIX (1981, printed 1989), pp. 59-99. ; "A Legal Opinion Concerning the Sanctity of Jerusalem", I.O.S. (at the E.J. Brill Press, Leiden), XIII (1993), pp. 231-245 ; 53. " איתור קבר משה : קדושה, פלוגתא ותחרותיות", אריאל 117-118 (תשנז) 182-187 1996
  12. ↑ (מחבר הספרSh. Moreh, Live Theatre and Dramatic Literature in the Medieval Arab World, (Edinburgh University Press, c1992.
  13. ↑ "מלך ובעלי מלאכה - מסגרת של ניגודים", הספרות, חוב' 26 (1978), עמ' 141-168 ; "עוד על יצירות אודות בעלי-מלאכה", הספרות, חוב' 27 (1978), עמ' 134-137  ; "Kings and Craftsmen - a Pattern of Contrasts", part I, Studia Islamica (Paris), fasc. LVII (1982), pp. 7-53. ; "Kings and Craftsmen - a Pattern of Contrasts", part II, Studia Islamica (Paris), fasc. LXII (1985), pp. 89-120 ; "The Art of the Goldsmith Reflected in Medieval Arabic Literature", in Islamic Rings and Gems - the Zucker Collection (ed. D.J. Content), London (Philip Wilson), 1987, pp. 462-475, bibl. pp. 542-544. ; Hebrew version of §34, ibid. pp. 490-501. ; [Arabic] Fann al-siyagha kama yabdu fi al-adab al-'arabi - Arabic version of the same, ibid, pp. 476-489.
  14. ↑ "רבי יהודה אלחריזי כצומת תרבותי : ביוגראפיה ערבית של יוצר יהודי בעיני מזרחן", פעמים 68 (תשנו) 16-67 1996 ; "Un intellectuel juif au confluent de deux cultures; Yehuda al-Harizi et sa biographie arabe", in Judíos y musulmanes en al-Andalus y el Magreb; Contactos intelectuelas, edited by Maribel Fierro, Madrid (Collection of Casa de Vellazques, in the series Judíos en tierras de Islam, I), 2002, pp. 105-151.
  15. ↑ Nouvelle source de l'époque bûyide (series: Hadâra, the Dept. of Arabic and the Dept. of Hist. of the Middle East & Africa), Tel Aviv, 128 pp., Tel Aviv, 1980. ; "New Source of the Buyid Period", I.O.S. (1983), vol. IX, pp. 355-376. ; (Co-authors: Joseph Sadan and Adam Silverstein), "Ornate Manuals or Practical Adab? Some Reflections on a Unique work by an Anonymous Author of the 10th Century CE", Al-Qantara (Consejo Nacional, Madrid), XXV/2 (2004), pp. 339-335.
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